Lecture 9: Stress Flashcards
___ is defined as any signifiant disturbance of homeostasis
Stress
What types of stressors can induce stress responses?
1) Environmental (loud noise)
2) Physiological (hunger/starvation)
3) Psychosocial stressors (public speaking)
Psychosocial stressors do not have to lead to a stress response and will only do so depending on their ___
perception
If an individual experiences stress, the adrenal medulla will release ___, which then goes to hypothalamus, then the anterior pituitary. AP releases ____, which causes glucocorticoids to be released from the ____
epinephrine; ACTH; adrenal cortex
When homeostasis is disturbed, what is required to return to homeostasis?
Energy
The stress response is dependent on how an individual __ the stress
percieves
True or False:
The physiological stress response pathways can occur under non-stressful conditions (e.g wedding, eat)
True
What factors modulate perceived stress?
1) Control
2) Predictability
3) Outlets to deal with frustration
4) Habituation
The ___ ___ is the physiological and behavioral response that help to re-establish homeostasis
stress response
What hormones are involved in stress response?
-Epinephrine (adrenal medulla): release on the scale of seconds
-Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex):
ACTH will lead to secretion of ____
glucocorticoids (cortisone)
What elicits fight or flight response or degree of control?
Hormones
For skydivers who jump out of planes daily, there is initially elevated cortisol/epinephrine prior to jump. Levels rise after the jump. However, over the course of days, what occurs?
Both levels decrease.
By last day - cortisol is same as control
By last day - epinephrine similar to control, bit lower
True or False:
The stress response can be adjusted with repeated exposure to same stressor
True
(sky divers)
Does a single measure of cortisol levels reliably tell us if we are stressed? Why?
No
-They are diurnal (rise during day, decrease in evening)
-Rapidly change (within seconds)
How do the pupils and airways change in response to sympathetic NS vs. parasympathetic?
EYES —-
sympathetic: dilate
parasympathetic: miosis
AIRWAYS
sympathetic: vasodilation
parasympathetic: vasoconstriction
How does the liver respond to PNS vs SNS?
PNS: Stimulates bile release
SNS: Increases glycogen:glucose rate
Bladder release and stimulation of adrenal gland occurs if the _____ nervous system is activated?
sympathetic
How does a sympathetic response affect the uterus?
Stimulates contractions`
In women, decreased levels of hormones are associated with ____ and risk of _____
anovulation; miscarriage
Testicular atrophy are associated with decreased levels of hormones on the ___axis
gonadal
In the anterior-hypothalasis-testis axis, low prolactin concentrations facilitate production of___
testosterone
With stress, high prolactin levels reduce responsiveness to ___ and accentuates negative feedback, decreasing ___ production
LH; testosterone
True or False:
Chronic stress can lead to HTN, sluggishness, and pathogenic cholesterol profile
True
How does chronic stress affect immune system?
Suppresses immune system; decreased immune response
True or False:
Wound healing is impaired in stressed caregivers
True
Prolactin ___ reproductive function
inhibits
How does chronic stress affect the adrenal gland? brain?
Elevated basal glucosteroid levels; feedback resistance; slower response to/recovery from stressors
Brain: dendritic atrophy; impaired neurogenesis/plasticity
Acute stress can improve
____ function
immune
Example: exercise
Neurogenesis is maintained by ___ stress levels
optimal
True or False:
Cortisol injection can improve recognition memory
True (more apt to remember negative stimuli)
Stress impairs retrieval of ___ memory
Spatial
Females show higher brain ___
utilization under stress compared to males
glucose
What factors can influence an individual’s
response to stress?
1) Prenatal environment – maternal stresses, paternal stresses
2) Neonatal environment – stressful events early in life
3) Social influences – social isolation, lack of support
(ex: orphanage)
In chronically stressed male, they make more choices which are ___ while females make fewer choices, which are mostly correct
wrong
