Lecture 8: Learning/Memory Flashcards
_____is adaptive change in behavior that results from experience
Learning
4 stages of learning?
acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, extinction
____is encoding, storage, retrieval/forgetting of info about past experiences
Memory
____is the ability to enter information into storage, retain it, and retrieve it
Memory
At what level of arousal does optimal memory or learning happen at?
moderate arousal
____ ____ are vivid memories of emotionally arousing or stressful events
Flashbulb Memories
True or False: Having highly superior autobiographical memory does not necessarily mean that one has good learning and memory skills
True
_____, a type of learning, is a change in response strength to stimulus after repeated exposure
Non-associative
Two types of non-associative learning?
- Habituation
- Sensitization
_____, a type of non-associative learning, occurs when a stimulus evokes a stronger response after repeated exposure
Sensitization
____, a type of non-associative learning, evokes a weaker response after repeated exposure
Habituation (e.g squirrels and humans)
____ involves learning a relationship, typically between two stimuli
Associative (conditioned) Learning
Before conditioning, the dog reflexively salivates in response to food - this is an ____ response
unlearned
Before conditioning, ringing of the bell does not produce _____
salivation
During conditioning, the bell is rung repeatedly and, shortly after the ringing, ___ is presented to the dog
food
Eventually, the dog begins ____in response to the bell, before the food is presented, and will salivated in response to the bell alone
salivating
In Pavlov’s experiment, the ____ is the unconditioned stimulus while ___ is the unconditioned response
food; salivation
Initially the ___ is the neutral stimulus, but eventually it becomes a ______ stimulus
Bell; conditioned
Initially, salivation was a ____ response and, at the end, it is a ____ response
unconditioned; conditioned
____ is when a response originally elicited by one stimulus can be elicited by another stimulus that originally had no effect, forming an association between two stimuli
Classical Conditioning
____ Conditioning is a type of classical conditioning commonly used in behavioral endocrinology. In this conditioning a ____ is linked to an unpleasant
Fear; sound
In Fear Conditioning, what is the unconditioned response? In response to the tone, it will become a conditioned response
Freezing Behavior
In Fear Conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
the shock
When an association is made in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the ___ stimulus and freezing becomes ____ response
conditioned; conditioned
What type of conditioning is an example of aversive learning?
Fear Conditioning
____, a type of associative learning, occurs when an action leads to reinforcement or reward, with association building over repeated reiforcement
Trial/Error Learning or Operant Conditioning
The Radial Arm Maze can be used to study what type of learning?
Appetitive Learning
A Water Maze could be used to study what type of learning?
Aversive Learning
In ___ learning, you are impacting some of the energy availability of the organism, because there is food involved
appetitive
____term memory is the ability to hold information in a readily available state over a short amount of time (minutes to seconds)
Short
____ memory involves manipulating and updating information, typically working with short-term memory information
Working Memory
What are the two types of long-term memory?
1) Declarative (explicit): things that you know and can tell others
2) Procedural (Implicit): know how
Two types of declarative memory? Examples?
1) Episodic (remembering HS graduation)
2) Semantic (knowing capital of Australia)
Three types of procedural memory?
1) Conditioning (salivating at fav food)
2) Priming (being more apt to use a word you heard recently)
3) Skill Learning (knowing how to play piano)
True or False:
Declarative memory is easier to form and to forget compared to procedural memory
True
In Patient HM, experimental procedure stopped seizures but ___ was impaired
memory
Prior to HM memory was thought to be distributed in the ____
cortex
HM case identified ___is a structure important for memory formation/retrieval. However, memory is not stored there.
hippocampus (medial temporal lobe)
What type of memory remained intact in HM’s case?
procedural memory (multiple memory systems)
How does information move through the hippocampus?
Entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1
How does elevated estradiol levels affect memory? How?
Enhances memory by increasing spine density of CA1 pyramidal cells
Chronic stress can impair memory by causing dendritic atrophy to ___ pyramidal cells
CA3
How does an adrenalectomy affect memory?
Impairs memory by affecting dentate gyrus (cell loss)
Epinephrine can affect cognition. What level of epinephrine allows for optimal cognitive performance?
Optimal (average) epinephrine levels - inverted U
True or False: The cognitive effect of epinephrine are dose and time dependent
True
Acc to the Glucose Hypothesis, epinephrine stimulates release of _____, which then leads to improved memory and learning
glucose
What evidence supports the Glucose Hypothesis?
If adrenergic antagonists are used to block epinephrine receptors, you no longer see the effects of epinephrine on learning/memory but glucose will still exert its effects
