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ANATOMY 254 > lecture 9: spinal cord > Flashcards

lecture 9: spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

the brainstem begins and ends where

A

Begins at medulla oblongata (brain stem) down to the level of
L2

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2
Q

what is the end point of the spinal cord called

A

CONUS MEDULLARIS

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3
Q

how many enlargements are there on the spinal cord

A

2

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4
Q

what are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbar ellargemnts

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5
Q

what is formed from the cervical enlrgements

A

brachial plexus

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6
Q

the cervical englargement innervates what

A

the upper extremityies (c5-t1)

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7
Q

the 2 enlargements lead to waht

A

lead to the 2 plexus

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8
Q

what is formed from the lumbar enlargements

A

lumbar plexus

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9
Q

the lumbar enlargements innervates what

A

lower extremeity (L!-S4)

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10
Q

the divided into R/L halves by

depressions called the what

A

1) anterior/ventral median fissure

2) posterior (dorsal) median sulcus

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11
Q

the anterior depression of the spinal cord is called a fissure or sulcus

A

fissure

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12
Q

the posterior depression of the spinal cord is called a fissure or sulcus

A

sulcus

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13
Q

If we transect the spinal cord we find what

A

basic H-form in the

center - Grey Commissures

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14
Q

the H form is comprised by

A

nuclei (grey matter)

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15
Q

what is the center or grey matter called

A

central canal

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16
Q

true or false; The central canal is continuous/discontinuous the length of the spinal cord

A

continuous

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17
Q

the central canal is continous with what ventricle

A

the 4th ventricle

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18
Q

what is the central canal filled with

A

CSF

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19
Q

surroundingthe H form of the grey matter is what

A

areas of white matter

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20
Q

what is the white matter comprised of

A

bundles of myelinated nerve fibers

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21
Q

what are the myelinated nerve fibers/what cells make up the white matter in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

what is each bundle of myelinated nerve fibers called

A

tract

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23
Q

what do tracts do

A

1) send signals to simular locations

2) carry motor and sensory info

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24
Q

what are the 2 types of tracts

A

ascending/sensory

descinding/motor

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25
Q

ascending tracts carry what info

A

sensory

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26
Q

desciding trcts carry what info

A

motor

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27
Q

ascending tracts relay info from what

A

Relay impulses from the periphery or spinal levels to the

brain

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28
Q

descending tracts relay into from where

A

Relay impulses from the brain to different spinal levels and

the periphery`

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29
Q

what are the pairs of horns of the grey comissure

A 
2 atnerior (ventrial) horns
2 posterior (dorsal) horns
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30
Q

the lateral hones of the spinal cord are ony found where

A

in T spine and upper L spone

=ANS

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31
Q

The groups of nerve fibers which enter the Dorsal Horn are

called

A

Dorsal roots

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32
Q

The groups of nerve fibers which enter the Ventral Horn are

called

A

Ventral roots

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33
Q

dorsal roots carry sensory or motor into

A

sensory

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34
Q

ventral roots carry motor or sneosry info

A

motor

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35
Q

where do the dorsal root cell bodies lie

A

lie outside the s.c. in the intervertebral

foramen and are called,

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36
Q

what are the cell bodies of dorsal roots called

A

dorsal root ganglia/spinal ganglia

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37
Q

ventral roors contain axos of ./

A

motor neurons

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38
Q

where are the cell bodies of ventral roots contained

A

Cell bodies are contained within the anterior and lateral

horns

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39
Q

the dorsal and ventral roots come together to form what

A

spinal nerve

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40
Q

T/F the spinal nerve contains only motor info?

A

false motor and seosry

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41
Q

where does the spinal nerve exit

A

intervertebral foramen

42
Q

the spinal nerve is made from the joining of….

A

dorsal roots and ventral roots

43
Q

once outside of the intervertebral formamen. the spinal cord divides into

A

dorsal and ventral rami

44
Q

the dorsal rami supply what

A

supply the deep vertebral muscles and skin of

the back

45
Q

the ventral rami supply

A

supply all the ventral and lateral musculature

46
Q

true or false: spinal nerves are mixed?

A

true

47
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

48
Q

explain the divisions of the spinal nerve

A 
8 cervical 
12 thoracir
5 lumbar 
5 sacrum 
1 coccyx
49
Q

what is the function of meninges

A

Protect the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

the meninges form the supporting framework for…

A

arteries, veins and venous sinuses

51
Q

what do meninges enclose and why

A

Encloses the subarachnoid space for the circulation of CSF

52
Q

what are the 3 meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

53
Q

the dura mater is associated with

A

Diaphragm Sellae (covers pituitary gland)

54
Q

the arachnoid contains what

A

Subarachnoid space: contains CSF

55
Q

pia mater contains what ligmanets

A

Denticulate ligaments

56
Q

are denticulate ligaments found only in the spinal cord

A

yes

57
Q

what do all three laters of the meninges cover

A

• All three layers cover the spinal nerves until they exit through
the intervertebral foramina

58
Q

what are denticulate ligmanets

A

extensions of pia mater that help acnhor the spinal to the dura mater

59
Q

free nerve endings are what kind of dendrites

A

bare dendrites

60
Q

what aare the 2 types of specialized nerve endings

A

free nerve endings

encapsulated sensory endins

61
Q

where do free nerve endings branch

A

branch between epithelial cells, connective cells, muscle

cells,

62
Q

free nerve endings act as what type of receptors

A

Are thought to act primarily as pain receptors of the body

• Also act as tickle, itch and thermal, and touch receptors

63
Q

encapsulated sensory endings are what types of dendrites

A

enclsosed

64
Q

what are encapsulated sensory ends surrounded bt

A

by connecttive tissuec apsules

65
Q

how many encpasulate nerve endngs are here

A

6

66
Q

what are the 6 encapsulated sensory endings

A 
Meissner Corpuscles
• Pacinian Corpuscles
• End bulbs of Krause
• Ruffini Corpuscles
• Muscle Spindles
• Golgi Tendon Organs
67
Q

where do meissner corpuscles surround

A

spinal ending of a dendrite

68
Q

true or false: messiner corupuscles are superfical

A

true

69
Q

what are meissners corpuscles sensite to

A

light touch, pressure, and slow vibrations

70
Q

true or false: meissner corpuscles are slowly adapting

A

false, rapidly

71
Q

where are meissners corpusles foundn

A

Skin (dermis) - especially the finger tips
• Mucous membrane of the tongue
• Other sensitive regions of the body (ex: eyelids)

72
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles located

A

Located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, submucosa,

joints, periosteum, and some viscera

73
Q

pacianian or meissners are deep

A

pacinian

74
Q

pacinnian corpuscles are slow or rapid adaptiingn

A

rapidly adaptinng

75
Q

what are pacinian corpuscles stimulated by

A

Stimulated by heavy pressure, fast vibrations, tickling

76
Q

where are end bulbs of krause located

A

Located in the mucous of the lips, tongue, conjunctiva,

external genitalia

77
Q

end bulbs of krause are common where

A

throughout the body (dermis of the skin)

78
Q

what do end bulbs of krause sevre as

A

cold recptors

79
Q

where are ruffinni corps located

A

Located in sub-cutaneous tissue, ligaments, tendons

80
Q

ruffinis are slow or fast adapting

A

Slow-adapting

81
Q

what do ruffinis respond to and why is that imporantn

A

Respond to stretching of the skin

• Contribute to the kinesthetic sense of, and control of, joint position and
movement

82
Q

where are muscle spindles founnd

A

in skeletal muscel

83
Q

what do muscle spinles react to changes in

A

muscle length

84
Q

true or fales: msucle spindles are contained in a capsule

A

true

85
Q

within the capsule of muscle spindles what are the sksletal muscle fibers called

A

intrafusal fibers

86
Q

muscle spindles are supplied by what type of neurons

A

sensory neurons

87
Q

epxlain the msucle spindles

A

When the muscle is stretched so are the intrafusal fibers which
send afferent nerve impulses back to the spinal nerve

• In response, there is stimulation of the efferent (motor) neurons
to the same muscle that contracts it

• Therefore stretch is reflexively resisted

88
Q

why does the muscle contract in response to stim muscle spindles

A

contract to prvent overstretching

89
Q

muscle spindles are important for stiumlation or inhbitory

A

stim

90
Q

GTO are important for stimulation or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

91
Q

what are GTO composed of

A

Composed of dendrites that have many branches on the

muscle tendon junction

92
Q

what do GTO raect to

A

msucle tension

93
Q

explain the gto

A

React to muscle tension
• The stimulus will go back to the s.c. where the motor neurons
to the same muscles are inhibited, thus relaxing the muscle
• Principle of PNF stretching and hold/relax stretch

94
Q

what is the princicle of PNF strengthcinng based on

A

GTO

95
Q

all spinal nerves except CI are what

A

cuteanous (innervate the skin)

96
Q

all spinal nerves except BLANK are cutenous

A

c1

97
Q

each spinal nerve innervates a segmental field of skin called a…

A

dermatome

98
Q

in dermatones there is a specfic area for each but there is never any overlap

A

falsem there is considerable overlap

99
Q

what a dermatomes imporant for

A

imporant for diagnostic technique

100
Q

reflexes are made from what 3 systems

A

cranial reflexes
somatic relfexses
autonomic reflexes

101
Q

what is the reflex arc made up of

A 
Sensory Receptor
• Sensory Neuron
• Integrating center
• Motor Neuron
• Effector

ANATOMY 254 (17 decks)

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