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ANATOMY 254 > lecture 11: Special Sensies > Flashcards

lecture 11: Special Sensies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 general senses

A 
pain
temp
touch
pressure
vibrations
prorprioception
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2
Q

what receptors sense pain

A

nociceptos

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3
Q

what receptors sense temp

A

thermoreceptors

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4
Q

what receptors sense touch

A

mechanoreceptos

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5
Q

what receptors sense pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

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6
Q

what receptores sense vibration

A

mechonoreceptors

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7
Q

what receptors sense proprioception

A

proprioceptors

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8
Q

what are the 4 special senses

A

smell
taste
vision
hearing and equilibrium

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9
Q

olfaction is for the sense of…

A

smell

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10
Q

what are the 3 cell types related to olfaction

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal stem cells

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11
Q

are olfactory nerves uni, multi or bipolar

A

bipolar

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12
Q

where are the olfactory cells located

A

in the cribriform plate in the olfactory foramina

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13
Q

olfactory receptor cells are bipolar or unipolar

A

bipolar

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14
Q

the olfactory receptor cells are sites of what

A

olfcatory transduction

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15
Q

what do olfactory receptor cells respond to
+ what do they initiate

A

chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule, initiate the olfactory response

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16
Q

where do the single axons of olfacotry receptor cells project through

A

project through the cribifom plate into the olfactory bulb

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17
Q

explain what the supporting cells of the olfaction are

A

columnar epithelial cells which line the nose

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18
Q

what are the 2 functions of supporting cells of olfaction

A
  • provide physical support, nourish, and insule the olfactory receptor cells
  • help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with olfactory epithelium
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19
Q

where is the location of basal stem cells of olfaction

A

lie between the bases of support cells

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20
Q

true or false: basal cells are slow at reproducing

A

false, they continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells

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21
Q

what stems undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells

A

basal stem cells

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22
Q

1 basal cell lives how long

A

1 month

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23
Q

do the number of basal stem cells and olfactory cells decrase or increase with age

A

decrease

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24
Q

true or false; there is increased sensisitve of olfactory nerves as age increases

A

false, decreases

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25
Q

what is the only sense that goes directly to the cortex without going to the thalamus first

A

smell

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26
Q

what lobe is responsible for the primary association of smell

A

temporal lobe

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27
Q

explain the pathway for smell

A

olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, thalamus, maxillary bodies, temporal lobe

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28
Q

gustation is the sense of what

A

taste

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29
Q

what lobe the primary association for taste

A

parietal

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30
Q

what are the 4 major classes of stimuli distinguised in gustation
+ what is the 5th

A

sour
sweet
bittter
salty
umami

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31
Q

odors from food pass where

A

up nasal cavity

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32
Q

what do the odors that pass up into the nasal cavity stimulate

A

stimulate the oflactory receptor cells

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33
Q

where are receptors for taste location

A

taste buds

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34
Q

how many taste buds do we have

A

10k

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35
Q

where are taste buds located

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx

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36
Q

true or false: the number of taste buds decrease with age

A

true

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37
Q

what are the 3 cell types on taste buds

A

support cells
gustatory receptor cells
basal cells

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38
Q

be able to locate the cells of taste buds

A

.

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39
Q

explain the gustatory pathway

A

taste buds, medulla oblongata( by CN 7,9,10), either hypothalamus or thalamus , parietal lobe

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40
Q

explain the neural pathway for gustatory receptor cells

A

gustatory receptor cells synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron, branch out and contact many gustatory recepto cells in severeal taste buds

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41
Q

where are taste buds housed

A

in papillae

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42
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue

A

circumvallate (vallate)
fungiform
foliate
filiform

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43
Q

true or false: filiform no longer contains taste buds after the tongue is matured

A

true

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44
Q

what papillae causes wrinkles on the side of the tongue

A

foliate papilla

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45
Q

what papilla forms a v at the back of the tongue

A

vallate papilla

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46
Q

what are the medium sized taste buds on the tongue

A

fungiform papilla

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47
Q

what are the small taste buds on the surface for abraision

A

filiform papilla

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48
Q

what are the 3 cranial nerves invovled in the gustatory pathway

A

CN 7,9,10
facial
glosspharangeal
vagus

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49
Q

what part of the tongue foes the facial nerve inenrvate

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue

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50
Q

what part of the tongue foes the glossopharangeal nerve inervate

A

posterior third

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51
Q

what part of the tongue does the vagus nevve innervate

A

root and epiglottis

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52
Q

from taste buds, impulses travel where first

A

propagate along the cranial nerves to the medulla oblongato

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53
Q

what are the 2 locations that the taste fibers project

1

A

1) limbic system areas and hypothalamus

2) thalamus (extend to primary gustatory area in parietal lobe)

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54
Q

which lobe is responsible for smell

A

temporal

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55
Q

whcih lobe is response for taste

A

parietal

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56
Q

what are the 5 accessory structures to the eye

A 
eyelids
eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
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57
Q

what muscle is response for opening the eye lid (upper)

A

levator palpebra superiorsis muscle

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58
Q

what is the line between the two eyelinds called

A

palpabral fissure

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59
Q

what are the angles where the eye lids meet called

A

lateral and medial comissure

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60
Q

what does the lacrimal caruncle contrain

A

contains sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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61
Q

what are the layerts of the eyelid (superior to deep)

A 
epidermis
dermis
subcut tissue
orbicularis occuli
tarsus
conjuctiva (palp part)
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62
Q

what is the functuon of the tarsal glands

A

thick connective tissue that holds the eye in place

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63
Q

what are the 3 fucntions of the eyelashes/eyebrows

A

protect eyeball from foreign objectives
protect eyeball from perspiration
protect eyeball from direct rays from sun

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64
Q

what releases a lubrication fluid into the hair follicles of the eye

A

sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashses

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65
Q

sebacaeous glands at the base of the eye lashses release what

A

lubrication fluid into the hair follicules (infection=sty)

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66
Q

the lacrimal apparatus produces and drains what

A

lacrimal fluid (tears)

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67
Q

what are tears and what are they made of

A

watery solution containing

salts
mucous
lyzosyme

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68
Q

whta is the function of the lacrimal apparatus in producing tears

A

protect
clean
lubricate/moisten

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69
Q

what are the 6 assocaited structures with the laccrimal apparatus

A 
lacrimal galnds
lacrimal ducts
nasolacrimal duct 
lacrimal punctum
lacrimal canals
lacrimal sac
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70
Q

what are the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye

A 
sup rectus
inf rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
sup obloque
inf oblique
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71
Q

what motion does the sup rectus do

A

superior and medial

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72
Q

what motion does the inf rectus do

A

inferior and medial

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73
Q

what motion does the lateral rectus do

A

abducts eye

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74
Q

what motion does the medial rectus do

A

adducts eye

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75
Q

what motion does the sup oblique do

A

moves eyeball iniferior and lateral

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76
Q

what motion does the inf oblique do

A

superior and laterally

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77
Q

what percentage of the eye is exposed

A

1/6

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78
Q

MAJORITY of the eye is protected in what

A

the orbit

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79
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eyeball

A

1) fibrous tunic (sclera)
2) vascular tunic (choroid)
3) retina

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80
Q

but these in order from superior to deep

retina, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
retina

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81
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the eyeball

A

fibrous tunic

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82
Q

what are the 2 components of fibrous tunic

A

anterior cornea

posterior sclera

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83
Q

explain the anterior cornea (2)

A
  • transparent
    -helps focus light on retina

helps focus light onto the retina

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84
Q

true or false: the sclera helps focus light onto the retina

A

false, the cornea

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85
Q

explain the posterior sclera (2)

A

“white:”
- gives shape+ protect inner part

gives shape and protects inner parts of eye ball

86
Q

what is the intermediate layer of the eyeball

A

vascular tunic

87
Q

what are the 3 components of the vascular tunic

A

choroid
cilliary body
iris

88
Q

what is the functon of the choroid

A

provides nutrient to retina

89
Q

what are the 2 strucctures assocaited with ciliary bodies

A

cilliary muscles
ciliary processes

90
Q

what do ciliary muscles do

A

alter the shape of the lens

91
Q

what does the iris respond to

A

responsds to chagnes in light level

92
Q

what are the 2 types of muscles assocaited to the iris

A

circular vs radial muscles

93
Q

when focussing on far, the lens is more flat.

what does that mean for the postion of the cilariy ligaments and muscles

A

lens= stretched
suspensory ligs= tight
colliery muscles= relaxed

94
Q

when focussing close, the lens is more round.

what does that mean for the postion of the cilariy ligaments and muscles

A

lens= round
suspensory ligs= relax
colliery muscles= contracted

95
Q

pupil constricts when the circular muscles of the iris is contracted or relaxed?

A

contract

96
Q

if the circualr eye myscles contract, the radial muscles are also contracted or relaxed

A

relaxed

97
Q

pupil dialtes as what happens to radial muscles

A

radial muscles contract

98
Q

the constrict the pupil, what muscles of the eye contract

A

circular

99
Q

to dilate the pupil what muscles need to contact

A

radial muscles

100
Q

what is the innermost layer of the eyeball

A

retina

101
Q

the optic disk is located where

A

retina wall

102
Q

is the optic disc more medial or lateral on the wall

A

medial

103
Q

what artery and vein pass thoroug hthe optic nerve

A

central retinal aterioy and vein

104
Q

the retina contains 2 portions, what are they

A

1) pigment epithelium

2) neural portion

105
Q

what portion of the retina is the non visual portion

A

pigment epithelium

106
Q

what portion of the reina is the visual poriton

A

the neural portion

107
Q

where does processing take place in the retina

A

neural portion

108
Q

what is deeper, pigment epithelium or neural portion

A

pigment epithelium

109
Q

what is the pigment epithelium

A

sheet of melanin contraining epitheliam cells (lcoated between chrooid and neural portion)

110
Q

is melanin only found in the pigment epithelum

A

no , also the choroid

111
Q

what is the function of melanin in the eye

A

absorbs stray light rays, prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eye ball
(image cast by retina remains shpart and clear)

112
Q

the neural porition is superior or deep to pigment epithelium

A

superior

113
Q

what is the neural portion

A

the multilayerd part wihch processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus

114
Q

what are the 3 layers of the neural protion

A

photoceptor layer
bipolar layer
ganglion cell layer

115
Q

put these in order of deep to superifial

ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, photorecptor

A

photoreceptor
bipolar
gangion

116
Q

what are the 2 other types of cells in the neural portion

A

horizontal and amacrine

117
Q

true or false: processing of images begins in the pigmented layer

A

False

118
Q

all the info at the ganglion cell layer converse to where

A

the optic disk

119
Q

whatt is the order of processing info in the eye

A 
photoreceptor 
outer synaptic layer
bipolar cell level
inner synaptic layer
gangion cell layer
120
Q

rods and cones are located in what layer of the neural portion

A

photoreceptor layer

121
Q

what are the 2 types of photorecrptors

A

rods cones

122
Q

rods have a low or high light threshold

A

low light

123
Q

what tallows us to see in dim light

A

rods

124
Q

cones are stimulated by brihgt or dark light

A

bright light

125
Q

what produces colour vision

A

cones

126
Q

what is there a very high ceoncertraio of rods and cones

A

macula lutea

127
Q

fovea centralis only has rods or cones

A

only cones

128
Q

what is reponse for sharpness of vision

A

fovea centralis

129
Q

the optic disk is the reason we have a BLANK

A

blind spot

130
Q

true or false: you can find rods and cones in the optic disk

A

false, no rods or cones

131
Q

fovea cetntriallis is medial or lateral to optic disk

A

lateral

132
Q

is the lens vascular or avascular

A

avascular

133
Q

the lens is posterior or anterior to pupil and irus

A

posterior

134
Q

the lens is composed of what

A

protein (crystallins)

135
Q

is the lens nromally transparent

A

yes

136
Q

what is the lens held in place by

A

suspensory ligament

137
Q

what are the 2 functions of the lens `

A

1) fine tunes focussing of light rays

2) faciliates clear vision

138
Q

what are the 2 cavities on the interior of the eye

A

anterior and posterior

139
Q

the anterior cavity contains what

A

aqueous humor (water based liquid)

140
Q

the anterior cavity is dividied into the..

A

anterior and posterior chamber

141
Q

the posterior cavity conttains whatt lieque

A

vitrous humor (gel like)

142
Q

the anterior caviyy is in what postion in relation to the lens

A

anterior to the lens

143
Q

does any processing happen in the eye before it goes to the brain

A

yes at the retina there is significant [rocessing of the visual signals

144
Q

axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide what

A

ouput from the reina to the brain

145
Q

what leads to the generationn of nerve impulses in the eye

A

rods and cones

146
Q

what do rods and cones release and what does that lead to

A

release NT which lead to the generation of enrve impulses

147
Q

axons of the optic nerve pass through where frist

A

optic chamism

148
Q

true or false: all fibers of the eye cross to the opposite side

A

false, some stay others fo

149
Q

what happens to the fibers after the optic chaism (where does the signal go)

A

after the optic chiams, the fibers form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminante in the thalamus (some bypass and go staight to sup colliculo)

150
Q

what is the function of sup colliculo

A

sight

151
Q

do all fibers terminate in the thalamus for vision

A

false, some go directrly to sup colliculo)

152
Q

after synapsing inn the thalamus, optic radiates projects tto where

A

tto visual areas inn the occpiatl lobes fo the cerebral corttex

153
Q

medial tracts cross over or stay on same side

A

cross over

154
Q

in what lobe are we conciously aware of vision

A

occipital lobe

155
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the ear

A

external
middle
internal ear

156
Q

how is the external ear atached to the head

A

ligaments and muscle

157
Q

what are the parts of the auricle

A 
helix 
antihelix
tragus
anti tragus
chocnhae 
lolbule
158
Q

how longis the external acoustic meatus

A

2.5 cm

159
Q

where is the external acoustic meatus located

A

in the temporal bone

160
Q

what are the special oil glands of theear

A

ceruminous

161
Q

what do specialzed oil grlands in the ear secrete

A

ear wax

162
Q

what is the fancy name for ear wax

A

ceruumen

163
Q

true or false: ear wax makes no difference in hearing

A

false, some people produce excessive amountts resulting in a muffled incominng sounds

164
Q

what protects the external acoustic meatus and protects it from what

A

hair and wax protect from dust or foreigh objects

165
Q

what is the tympanic membrane

A

thin, semitransparent memebrane between external and middle ear

166
Q

true or false: the tympanic membrane is covered by dermin

A

false, epidermis

167
Q

which vibrates less pars tensa or pars flaccida

A

pars tens

168
Q

what bone does the middle ear lie in

A

tenporal bone

169
Q

what is the middle ear

A

air filled cavility lined with epithelium

170
Q

what are the 3 bones of the middle ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

171
Q

orgaize these from lateral to medial (outer to inner)

incus, stapes, malleus

A

malleus
incus
stapes

172
Q

what does malleus mean

A

hammer

173
Q

what does incus mean

A

anvil

174
Q

what does stapes mean

A

stirrup

175
Q

what does the malleus articuate with

A

tympanic membrane and incus

176
Q

what does incus articulate with

A

stapes and malleus

177
Q

what does stapes articulate which

A

incus and sits in ovale window

178
Q

the stapes sits in the ovale or round window

A

oval

179
Q

what are the 2 muscles attaching to ossicles

A

tensor tympani muscle

stapedius muscle

180
Q

what is the fucntuin of tensor tympanic

A

cotnact to reduce vibrations

181
Q

what is the eustachian tube made up of

A

bone and hyaline cartilage

182
Q

what does the eustachian tube connect

A

connects the middle ear and nasopharyx (upper portiono of throat)

183
Q

explain air movement in esutachian tube

A

allows air to enter / leaving the middle ear until they pressures are equilvalent

184
Q

the inner ear is made up of only a bony labrinth

A

falwe, also inner memrbanous

185
Q

what are the components of the outer bony labrinths

A

semi circular canals
vestibule
cochlea
perilyph

186
Q

what are the compoents of the inenr membranous labrynth

A

uttricle and sacrical
semi circ ductt
contains endolypm

187
Q

trye or false, the outer bony labryth contains endolypth

A

false, perilymph

188
Q

what liquid in the ear is simular to CSF

A

perylyphn

189
Q

what liquid has a hgih concentrion of K+ ions

A

endolypm

190
Q

what are the 2 brances of the vestobulochochlear nerve

A

vestibular branch

cochlear

191
Q

the bestipular branch is just sensory

A

false, and motor

192
Q

what is the function of vestibular branch

A

equilibrium

193
Q

is cochlear only sensory

A

yes

194
Q

what is the function of the cochlear branch

A

hearing

195
Q

what are the 3 nerves of the vestibular branch

A

ampullar
utricular
saccular

196
Q

the cochlea is anterior or posterior to vestibule

A

anterior

197
Q

the cochlea spirals around what

A

modiuolus

198
Q

the cochlea dives into what 3 channels

A

scale vsetibule
scala tympani
cochlear duct

199
Q

where does the scale vestibule end

A

at oval window

200
Q

where does the scala tympani end

A

at round window

201
Q

scale typani and vestibuli connect wehere

A

helicotrema

202
Q

what does the vestibular membrane seperate

A

cochlear duct from scale vestibuli

203
Q

what does the basilar membrane seperate

A

seperatoes cochlear duct and scala tympani

204
Q

where does the organ of corti rest

A

onn basilar memebrane

205
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

coiled sheet of epithelial cells

206
Q

what are the 16k hair cells in the ear called

A

organ of corti 9hearing)

207
Q

organ of corti synapse with what

A

sensory and motor neurosnf rom the cochlear branch

208
Q

explain mechanism of hearing

A

.

209
Q

explai nmechanism of static equil

A

slide 87

210
Q

explain emechanism for dynamic equilibrium

A

slide 88

ANATOMY 254 (17 decks)

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