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Human Sexuality > Lecture 9: Sexual Health & Education > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Sexual Health & Education Flashcards

1
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A class of single-celled micro-organisms with a simple internal structure can give rise to many illnesses

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2
Q

What are the most common bacterial infections (in order)?
briefly list some symptoms that both onfections produce

A
  1. Chlamydia
    - milder than gonorrhea
  2. Gonorrhoea
    - burning sensation
    - discharge
    - pain in testes/genital irritation
    - Transmitted via sexual intercourse –
    vaginal, anal, oral
    - Both can cause Pelvic Inflammatory
    disease and infertility in women if
    left untreated
    - Often co-occur
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3
Q

What are some reasons regarding age why we see an increase in STI rates, specifically for Chlamydia?

A

We see the trend of Older people having an overall increase in STIs…

  • lack of sex education
  • older people are getting divorced
  • more single people
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4
Q

What are some reasons for an overall increase in STI rates?

A
  • more effective testing
  • more people are getting tested
  • antibiotic resistance
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5
Q

What are some reasons regarding gender why we see an increase in STI rates?

A

Higher prevalence rates in women than in men:

  • This is likely due to women dating earlier than men
  • STIs are harder to detect in women than in men
  • Women may be uncomfortable to talk about health issues
  • From a Biological POV, women are more vulnerable in contracting an STI than men (vaginal surface is larger and more of the virus is found in sperm compared to vaginal secretion and sperm can stay in the vagina longer)
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6
Q

What are some reasons regarding COVID-19 why we see an increase in STI rates?

A

Looked at reported rates in 2020 than in 2019:

*prioritized gonorrhea and Syphilis over chlamydia (as they were more serious)

*access to lack of care (covid restrictions)

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7
Q

True or False?
You can get an STI from sitting on a toilet set

A

True! although statistically this is highly unlikely

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8
Q

What is HPV?

A

Human Papilloma Virus
- can cause cervical cancer
- Gardasil vaccine

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9
Q

What is HIV?

briefly explain how it can be passed on

A

Human Immunodeficiency virus
- A virus that destroys white blood cells in the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to life-threatening diseases

  • thought of as a chronic disease now
  • can be transmitted through blood, vaginal secretions, from mother to infant
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10
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

  • if we have HIV long enough, we get AIDS
  • A condition caused by HIV and characterized by the destruction of the immune system, stripping the body of its ability to fend off life-threatening diseases
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11
Q

The Case of Patient Zero: Gaetan Dugas

A
  • was not patient zero
  • The first recorded case of HIV in humans dates back to 1921 in the Congo from an infected chimp - they thought that humans came into contact with the infected blood from chimps when killed for meat
  • first reported case was in 1921
  • Dugas went to San Francisco in the 1970s; in terms of his estimate he averaged 100s of sexual partners and 2500 across North America - so he spread the virus :)
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12
Q

What do CD4 (helper t cells) do?

A

They are a type of white blood cell that recognizes invading pathogens and enlists help from other white blood cells - the first line of defence

  • with HIV, the virus uses the CD4 cells (binding to it) to attack the body (will replicate these infected CD4 cells to attack the body)
  • even if you have HIV you will remain healthy if those CD4 cell counts remain relatively high
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13
Q

What do B lymphocytes (B cells) do?

A

Make antibodies that help your body fight infections (e.g., inactivate and mark for destruction)

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14
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

A

Contains substances that can kill tumour cells or cells infected with a virus (e.g., destroy).

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15
Q

What happens if AIDS/HIV is left untreated?

A
  • Shortly after infection, the person may experience mild, flu-like symptoms
  • People generally look and act well and may unwittingly pass the virus on to others

-Most people remain symptom-free for years

  • Some enter a symptomatic phase that is marked by chronically swollen lymph nodes, intermittent weight loss, fever, fatigue, and diarrhea
  • Fall prey to opportunistic infections (Kaposi’s sarcoma, toxoplasmosis of the brain, herpes)
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16
Q

What is a form of treatment for HIV/AIDS?

type of theraby (combined)

A

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HART therapy)

  • Combine three or more drug agents in a way that effectively stops HIV from replicating at different points in its life cycle

-If one drug is unable to suppress a certain viral type, one or both of the other agents would be more than likely to do so

17
Q

What are three new forms of treatment for HIV/AIDS?

Explain briefly how they work

A
  1. Kick & Kill Approach
    - kick start immune system by giving vaccine to boost immune system’s ability to detect and fight HIV cells
    - Second drug reactivates dormant HIV cells –immune system can find and kill them
  2. Trivata drug
    - effective in preventing HIV transmission
    - you would take this daily and it can sometimes stop or slow the HIV from replicating itself
  3. Prep
    - You can take this within 72 hours after you think you may have been exposed to HIV
18
Q

how does circumscision reduce the risk of HIV?

A
  • easier to clean
  • foreskin particularly susceptible
  • Removing foreskin, removes this route of entry
19
Q

Which factor is a biological factor in STI transmission?
a) lifelong infections
b) Alcohol and drug use
c) Gender
d) all of the above
e) a and c

A

a and c = lifelong infections and gender

20
Q

What are the bio factors for STI transmission?

A
  • Multiple means of transmission
  • oral sex
  • Lifelong infections
  • Asymptomatic cases
  • Increased vulnerability from some STIs to contracting others
  • Gender
  • Lack of vaccines and cures
21
Q

What are some psychological factors of STI transmission?

A
  • Perceived low risk (this never happens to me)
  • Psychological obstacles to condom use
    (E.g., love, trust, embarassmnet about purchasing, decreased pleasure or spontaneity)
  • Alcohol and drug use
  • Lack of communication
  • gender - can also be social/bio
22
Q

Why did cases of HIV decline around 1993

A

HART therapy

22
Q

What are some social factors of STI transmission?

A
  • gender inequality
  • strong social bonds to frineds/family
  • SES status
  • LGBTQ more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviours due to stigmatization/discrimination
23
Q

How is Chlamydia transmitted?
a) orally
b) anally
c) penile - vaginal intercourse
d) penile-anal intercourse
e) sharing toys
f) all of the above

A

all of the above!

24
Q

HPV can also cause which of the folling in addition to cervical cancer?
a) genital bumps
b) hepitits B
c) Genital warts
d) none of the above

A

c) genital warts

25
Q

What are Abstinence-only programs?

A
  • Programs that seek to motivate teens to not become sexually active until they are older, and in the case of some programs, until they are married.
  • These programs typically do not include information on birth-control methods or safer-sex practices, except to mention that they are not 100% effective in preventing pregnancy or STI
26
Q

True or False?
Abstinence-only sexual health education programs are known to be very effective at delaying the initiation of sexual behaviour in teens.

A

False!

27
Q

What is another alternative form of sex education?

What does it involve/teach students about sex?

A
  • Broadly-based sex education
  • goes beyong pregnancey, STI transmission/HIV or AIDS and discusses integration of sexuality, sexual orientation, gender identiy and sterotypes.
  • allows space for students to use the information they have learned to make decisions for themselves
28
Q

Why should we teach our kids comprehensive sex education?

A

*Teens are going to have sex, so they should understand the risks Better to understand the risks/how to be safe.
* Understanding how contraceptives work decreases the risks of unintended pregnancies
* Related to lower risk (lower rates of intercourse, higher rates of condom use; lower rates of pregnancy)
* Empower adolescents
* Safe and inclusive

29
Q

True or False?
Providing condoms to children will increase their engagement in sexual intercourse

A

False!
studies have shown that condoms actually decrease sexual enegagemnt or provide no change at all

30
Q

Why shouldn’t we teach kids about sex in a comprhensive manner?

these are some of the arguments that people who agree with abs bring up

A
  • Having sex can result in STIs and unwanted pregnancies even with the use of contraceptives
  • Teenage pregnancies can have adverse effects on mother and child
  • Teaching about contraceptives will encourage youth to have sex - No evidence
  • Safest choice
  • More control to parents
  • teenage brains are not fully developed/mature

Human Sexuality (6 decks)

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