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Human Sexuality > Lecture 6: Contraception > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Contraception Flashcards

1
Q

How does the combination pill work?

A

Levels of progesterone and estrogen increase and are maintained high so you don’t ovulate

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2
Q

What does the combination pill have in it?

A

synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

How does the mini pill work?

A

It works by promoting the secretion of a thick cervical mucus that prevents the sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg.

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4
Q

What does the mini pill have in it?

A

synthetic form of progesterone - progestin

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Follicular phase
  3. Ovulation
  4. Luteal phase
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6
Q

What are some benefits of hormonal birth control?

A
  • requires less vigilance than fertility awareness
  • not physically invasive like an IUD
  • can help with painful periods
  • can make your cycle regular (PCOS)
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7
Q

What are some cons of hormonal methods of birth control?

A
  • little education on side effects when you come off of it
  • interferes with emotion- mood disorders
    -puts the responsibility on the woman to remember to taking pill
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8
Q

What are some fertility awareness methods for contraceptives?

A
  1. Calender method = abstaining from sex on days you are ovulating
  2. Basal Body Temp = checking body temp every morning because our fertility cycle is related to changes in body temperature. Can rise .2 to .4 degrees before ovulation.
  3. Ovulation = variations in cervical mucus - you would have to be very diligent and keen on knowing the subtle differences in your body
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9
Q

What are some pros to fertility awareness methods?

A
  • discrete
  • no religious conflict
  • cost-efficient
  • no chemicals
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10
Q

What are some cons to fertility awareness methods?

A
  • requires you to be diligent and hyperawareness of one’s body
  • Stress changes and influences your cycle from month to month
  • no protection against STIs
  • temperature can vary for many reasons (confounding variables)
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11
Q

What are some barrier methods to contraceptives?

A
  1. Male condom
    - Sheath is made of polyurethane, latex, or the intestinal lining of lambs.
    - used commonly
    - 15% failure rate
  2. Female condom
    - Sheath made of polyurethane
    - 5% failure rate when used properly
    - can be inserted up to 8 hours before sex but has to be removed immediately
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12
Q

Why are female condoms not as successful as male condoms?

A
  • not as easily accessible: requires a prescription
  • not well-known
  • physical attributes
  • lack of knowledge
  • insertion
  • slippage & failure
  • availability
  • embarrassment
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13
Q

What are the cons of male condoms?

A
  • slippage
  • can break during use
    -allergies to latex
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14
Q

What are the pros to the male condom?

A
  • protects against some STIs
  • accessible
  • protects the body
  • painless, does not change body
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15
Q

What is a permanent method of contraceptives for females? (sterilization)

A
  1. Tubal ligation = fallopian tubes are cut and tied off.
    It prevents the egg from exiting the ovaries, and the body reabsorbs the unfertilized egg.
    - does not disrupt sex
    - does not disrupt the menstrual cycle
    - highly effective in preventing pregnancy (.04% failure rate)
    -is considered irreversible (43 to 88% successful)
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16
Q

What is a permanent method of contraception for males? (sterilization)

A
  1. Vasectomy = Vas Deferens are cut and tied
    - The Vas Deferens are cauterized or tied to prevent sperm from reaching the urethra.
    - carried out in the Doctor’s office in 15 to 20 min
    -considered irreversible (16% to 79%)
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17
Q

What are other forms of contraception?

A
  1. Abstinence
  2. Withdrawal
  3. breastfeeding
  4. IUD
  5. Morning-after pill
  6. Abortion pill
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18
Q

How does the morning-after pill work?

A

Reduces the risk of pregnancy and delays or inhibits ovulation. It will NOT induce an abortion if you are already pregnant.

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19
Q

How does the Abortion pill work?

A

It blocks the hormones needed to maintain pregnancy. Can induce an abortion up to 10 weeks of pregnancy.

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20
Q

What are some behaviours or patterns in sexual activity that go against evolutionary POV? (when we want to start a family/babies)

A
  • clitoris exists for sexual pleasure
  • using sex toys
    -people engage in sexual activities for pleasure (threesomes, orgies etc)
  • have sex with same-sex people = does not result in conception
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21
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1550 BC - Ancient Egypt

A

1550 B.C: Ancient Egyptian women would mix dates, acacia and honey into a paste, smear it over wool and use it to prevent conception

22
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1700s - Venice, Italy

A

1700s: Casanova’s memoirs detail his experiments in birth control, from sheep-bladder condoms to the use of half a lemon as a makeshift cervical cap

23
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1839, 1873 & 1880s

A

1839: Charles Goodyear invents the technology to vulcanize rubber and puts it to use manufacturing rubber condoms, intrauterine devices, douching syringes and “womb veils”

1873: Congress passes an anti-obscenity law that deems birth control info obscene and outlaws its dissemination

1880s: A large cervical cap is developed–an early version of the diaphragm

24
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1916

A

1916: Margaret Sanger opened America’s first family-planning clinic in Brooklyn. It is shut down within 10 days

25
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1938

A

1938: A judge lifts the federal obscenity ban on birth control, but contraception remains illegal in most states

26
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1951 & 1954

A

1951: Prompted by Margaret Sanger, Gregory Pincus begins research on the use of hormones in contraception

1954: John Rock, in collaboration with Pincus, conducts the first human Pill trial on 50 women in Massachusetts

27
Q

History of Birth Control Timeline:
1960, 1965, 1970 &1972

A

1960: In May, the FDA announced its approval of Enovid as a birth control pill (almost half a million American women are already taking it for “therapeutic purposes”)

1965: In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court strikes down state laws prohibiting contraception for married couples; 6.5 million American women are on the Pill

1970: Concerns about the Pill’s safety and side effects prompt Senate hearings

1972: The Supreme Court legalized birth control for all people, irrespective of marital status.
Lower-dose pills dominate the market; 10.5 million American women are taking the pill.

28
Q

The Pill & Sexual Revolution: Why else was the pill so important that allowed changes for women in society?

A
  • women can go out and get a job/education
  • women don’t have to have a family
  • employers initially did not want to hire women, but b/c of birth control made it harder for employers to refuse to employ them
    -women can plan their lives in ways they could not before.
29
Q

What are some birth control options for men?

A
  1. Polymer Gel = injected into Vas Deferns and blocks sperm
  2. Pill - studies are looking into this, in phase two of clinical trials
  3. Nonsurgical vasectomy - done in animal studies not yet with humans.
30
Q

From a biological POV, why might research on birth control for men
have been much more limited and slower than the research we have on birth control for women?

A

Endless amount of sperm is produced, but eggs are limited (1 or 2 eggs a month).

31
Q

What are the methods for contraception?

A
  1. Fertility Awareness
  2. hormonal
  3. Barrier
  4. Permanent
32
Q

What phase of the cycle is:
- Are estrogen and progesterone at their lowest?
- the egg gets passed through and shed if not fertilized
- endometrium is the thinnest
- blood is shed

A

Menstruation = Phase 1

33
Q

What phase of the cycle do:
-eggs develop in the follicle
- day 14 (usually for reg cycles)
-the egg leaves the ovary, travels down the fallopian tube, and, if fertilized, is implanted in the uterine lining.

A

Ovulation = Phase 3

33
Q

What phase of the cycle is:
- starts at the end of the period till ovulation starts
-estrogen and progesterone increase
-Lining thickens for better implantation of the egg
-Ovaries prepare eggs for release
-Estrogen increases

A

Follicular = phase 2

33
Q

What phase of the cycle do:
- we have a thickish secretion of mucus
- begins from the end of ovulation to the start of the next period
- this is where the endometrium gets ready for pregnancy OR breaks down from egg not being fertilized

A

Luteal = Phase 4

34
Q

True or false?
Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber to manufacture condoms in 1843

A

True!

35
Q

True or false?
Birth control was legal in Canada until the 19th century when laws were introduced forbidding birth control and abortion

A

True!

36
Q

When did the legalization of contraception start in Canada?

A

1920s

37
Q

When and how did the first major legal change happen in Canada?

A

With the arrest of Dorothea Palmer (employee of A.R. Kaufmann) for promoting birth control in poorer regions such as Ottawa.

38
Q

When did contraception become legal and abortion (under restricted laws) in Canada?

A

1969, under Pierre Trudeau

39
Q

what is the most common type of hormonal birth control?

A

the pill or the oral contraceptive

40
Q

How does an oral contraceptive pill work?

A
  1. prevents the ovary from releasing an egg (cannot ovulate - combo pill)
  2. thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to fertilize the egg (mini pill)
  3. changes in the lining of the uterine wall, making it inhospitable for implantation
41
Q

Can women conceive when pregnant?

A

No, if there is no ovulation, there is no pregnancy.

42
Q

True or False?
Emergency contraception pill (Morning-after pill) can be taken in the morning after having unprotected sex

A

True - most effective when taken within 24 hours

43
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

A type of contraceptive for women is a shallow cup or dome made of latex or silicone that covers the cervix, preventing sperm from entering. Spermicide is placed around the diaphragm and inserted before sex and left in place 6 hours after sex. High pregnancy rate doesn’t work well. Women report getting UTIs.

44
Q

The Calendar method

A
  • is a fertility awareness method
  • assumes ovulation occurs 14 days before menstruation
    -couple abstains from sex 3 days before day 13 and ends two days after day 15.
    CON: Some women have irregular cycles, so the range or period of days that are deemed unsafe can vary and is not reliable.
45
Q

BBT method

A

-woman tracks body temp upon waking up to detect minor changes occurring before and after ovulation
-sometimes, temp can dip before ovulation and then rises 0.2 to 0.4 C before, during or after.
CON: it does not tell you when the egg has already left the ovary, and it doesn’t warn you about the days leading up to ovulation when you’re still at risk of getting pregnant because sperm can hang around waiting for that egg.

46
Q

Ovulation method

A
  • tracks the viscosity of cervical mucus
  • after the period, discharge is thick and sticky and as the cycle continues, the discharge is stringy and white like egg white (peak days). Ovulation takes place a day after of the last peak day
    CON: some women have difficulty detecting changes in mucus discharge
47
Q

What is a more accurate way of predicting ovulation?

A

Ovulation-prediction kits
- test urine everyday for LH
-levels rise 12 to 24 hours before ovulation

48
Q

Withdrawal method

A

The man removes his penis from the woman before he ejaculates.
-has a first-yr failure rate of 27%
- with perfect use, the failure rate is 4%
- relies on the guy knowing when to come out
- does not consider pre-ejaculation that can fall on the labia
- not reliable as people have faith in being monogamous and in love

Human Sexuality (6 decks)

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