Lecture 9 - Renaissance Flashcards
Renaissance 1453 – 1543
- In some Italian cities, it started a hundred years earlier
- The plagues and the Hundred Year Wars just ended
- Survivors’ joy and enthusiasm for bodily health and
wealth
-Why change in zeitgeist: epidemics and pandemics.. and joy of those who survived = desire to take care of body
Rebirth of hedonism, materialism and
vanity - Egocentric individualism - the monarchs,
aristocrats, bankers, merchants, landlords and even
bishops obsessed with the show of power & splendour - Narcissism - an obsessive show of material wealth:
luxurious dress, palaces and gardens, expensive
sculptures and paintings. Musicians, painters & dancers
at the court - A re-birth of only some aspects of the Roman
lifestyle: - ludistic, materialistic hedonism
- egocentrism, vanity and individualism
- love of arts
- But not the re-birth of the Greco-Roman ethos of
virtues and self-perfection - Populism and festivities
used by monarchs, rich clans of merchants and
bankers
to challenge the Church’s moral authority
Inquisition as an attempt to stop the wave of
…
Things not taken back from greeko roman to renaissance:
Artistotlean virtues and morals not really
But populism and festivities yes
Things not taken back from greeko roman to renaissance:
Artistotlean virtues and morals not really
But populism and festivities yes
Leonardo from Vinci, near Florence 1452 - 1519
* The Last Supper in a monastery Santa Maria in
Milan.
* Mona Lisa, painted in Florence, now: the Louvre
Museum, Paris
* Interest in anatomy, optics, town planning, engineering,
defence, and flying machines. The observation of
human mimics.
* Vatican painter for Pope Leo X
* Architect to the King of France
at Chateau d’Amboise. Died there &
buried in the Church of St.-Florentin
* French Revolution destroyed the church
* His remains reburied in the
Chapel St.-Hubert
Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475 - 1564
* Painted and resided on the Medici court in Florence.
* Moved to Rome; invited by the Pope to paint in the
Vatican Palaces.
* The Last Judgement the wall painting (Sistine
Chapel)
* The biblical scenes, e.g. The Creation of Adam, The
Fall and Expulsion from the Garden - ceiling frescos
(Sistine Chapel).
*
* The Pieta, his sculpture is now in St. Peter’s Basilica,
Vatican
* David, Moses the sculptures Florence
Raphael Santi 1483 - 1521
He lived only 38 years.
* A lonely, unemotional, aloof (schizoid?) person.
* Influenced by Leonardo, he painted even more
Madonnas than Leonardo.
* In his painting “The School of Athens” he portrayed
Plato as Leonardo and Heraclitus as Michelangelo.
- The Gothic style was gradually replaced by the
Renaissance style. - Beauty & health of the human body is glorified in
the arts. - Dutch-Flemish style: realistic (naturalistic)
portraits: peasant life and Biblical scenes. - Dante “The Divine Comedy”.
- Francesco Petrarch philosopher & poet writing in
Italian - Economic growth of small city-states, trade, mobility,
navigation and military technology.
Renaissance and post–Renaissance Baroque music - Sacral music: the older forms: motet and Mass.
- Secular music: new forms reflecting national motives:
Italian madrigal and
French chanson. - Printed music notes.
- Giovanni de Palestrina: Mass, motet, psalm, magnificat,
Hymn and madrigal. - Claudio Monteverdi: Renaissance and Baroque.
Operas: Orfeo, The
Return of Ulysses
1492 Christopher Columbus – exploration of New World
1493 Marco Polo - exploration of China
1497 Vasco da Gama - exploration of India
1519 Ferdinand Magellan - exploration of Philippines
expedition around the world
1520 - 1522 Spanish conquistadors take Mexico and
S. America, without Brazil
The Brazilian territories taken by the Portuguese conquerors
Niccolo
Machiavelli
1469 - 1527
-Make divisions and antagonism
* New domains of training:
business & political science.
* Niccolo Machiavelli:
“The Prince”
How to control society and
govern through
cynical socio-techniques,
manipulations, diplomacy,
intrigues and propaganda
divide et impera
.
More
Inquisition was NOT in the middle ages!!! In Renaissance!!
Papal Inquisition, a court/tribunal was to protect
Christian dogmas (Nowadays, the legal systems also
protect the political and ethical dogmas, e.g. democracy,
and human rights.).
Inactive until 1478 when the Spanish rulers Ferdinand
& Isabella started using it to fight the political opponents “
heretics.”
Spanish Inquisition led by Thomas de Torquemada
executed ca 2000 people.
The Reformation - a historic split of the Roman
Church
into Protestantism vs. Catholicism – was triggered
in 1517 by Martin Luther, the Augustinian monk in
Wittenberg, Germany.
Nicolaus Copernicus: 1473 - 1543 Torun, Krakow
Poland. Astronomer & canon of the Catholic Church
“De Revolutionibus Coelestium Orbium”
On the revolution of the
celestial spheres
Heliocentric instead of
geocentric system.
Daring to be “politically incorrect”
* Classic Greece: Socrates
* Middle Ages: Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas
* Renaissance: Nicolaus Copernicus
* Post-Renaissance: Galileo Galilei
* Nowadays. Do we
* speak our opinion publicly, e.g. in schools, politics or
the mass media?
* Are we afraid of the modern “Inquisition”, loss of job,
ostracism, ridicule, rejection, the accusation of an “-
ism” or “anty-ism”?
* Self-imposed censorship?
* Freedom of opinion - not a rebellion
Renaissance - a revolution
* Any revolution brings positive and negative
consequences (see: the fall of the Roman Empire,
the Renaissance, the French Revolution, the Bolshevik
Revolution, the fall of communism in Europe, the
sexual revolution now)
* Renaissance brought many achievements in arts,
medicine, navigation, and astronomy. On the other
hand, the Renaissance introduced a lifestyle based on
egocentrism, materialism and individualism.
* “Renaissance the most mentally disturbed
civilization: bloody wars, public executions,
Inquisition, political intrigues, loss of morality,
loss of spirituality, egocentrism and egoism”
Post-Renaissance
(16th and the beginning of 17th c.)
- The heliocentric system was later improved by
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 - Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) Dominican monk,
- mathematician and
astronomer; - an inspiration for I. Newton 1642 –
1726
Primary = objective, independent of observer (ex: shape, weight)
and Secondary qualities = subjective, depend on observer (ex: colour)
of a perceived object - Giordano Bruno - a monk executed in 1600
- for breaking the oath and heretic
teaching - Psychologically insightful literature:
- William Shakespeare and Miguel Cervantes
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
Teaching mathematics and astronomy
(Copernican)
at Pisa and Padua Universities
* Observations of the moon using a telescope
* 1624 Pope Urban VIII, former Cardinal Maffeo de
Medici ) grants the right to write “Dialogue
Concerning the Two Chief World Systems –
Ptolemaic and Copernican”
*
* 1634 Galilei was forced by the Committee of Cardinals
to promise not to publish or teach on the Copernican
system
* He was forbidden to leave his house until the end of his
life.
* 1642 Galileo Galilei dies - Isaac Newton is born
Francis Bacon: 1561 - 1621
(do not confuse with Roger Bacon)
Not much of a scientist but rather a manager of science
British politician and manager of science.
Methodological discipline in presenting scientific concepts. “Novum
Organum”. Four types of bias:
* The use of old prejudices and stereotypes (Idols of the cave)
Only one cave exists from which we see everything
* Uncritical reliance on sense perception (Idols of the tribe)
Only what we see makes sense
* Uncritical reliance on authority (Idols of the
theatre)
Dogmatic, authoritarian view
* Bias of verbal attribution (Idols of the marketplace)
Confusing the label with the concept and the concept with the reality
Other events in the post-Renaissance time
Ottoman Turkish Empire at its peak
Henry VIII establishes the Anglican Church
Queen Mary of Scottland executed
Summary
Renaissance 1453 – 1543
In some Italian cities, it started a hundred years earlier
The plagues and the Hundred Year Wars just ended
Survivors’ joy and enthusiasm for bodily health and wealth
Rebirth of hedonism, materialism and vanity
* Egocentric individualism - the monarchs, aristocrats, bankers,
merchants, landlords and even bishops obsessed with the show of
power & splendour
* Narcissism - an obsessive show of material wealth: luxurious dress,
palaces and gardens, expensive sculptures and paintings. Musicians,
painters & dancers at the court
* A snobbish fashion to like the Greco-Roman arts.
A re-birth of only some aspects of the Roman lifestyle:
- ludistic, hedonic, materialistic pleasures
- egocentrism and individualism
- love of arts
But not the re-birth of the Greco-Roman ethos of virtues and
self-perfection
Populism and festivities
used by monarchs, rich clans of merchants and bankers
to challenge the Church’s moral authority
Inquisition as an attempt to stop the wave of “heresies”
The Roman Church was also involved in the Zeitgeist, thus
- remodelling St. Peter’s Basilica & Vatican Palaces
- hiring famous architects, painters & sculptors.
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper in a monastery Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan.
Mona Lisa was painted in Florence. Now in the Louvre Museum in Paris
Interest in anatomy, optics, town planning, engineering, defence, and flying
machines. The observation of human mimics.
Vatican painter invited by Pope Leo X
Engineer and architect to the King of France at Chateau d’Amboise.
Died there & buried.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
* Painted and resided on the Medici court in Florence.
* Moved to Rome; invited by the Pope to paint in the Vatican Palaces.
The Last Judgement the wall painting (Sistine Chapel)
The biblical scenes, e.g. The Creation of Adam, The Fall and Expulsion from
the Garden - ceiling frescos (Sistine Chapel).
The Pieta, his sculpture is now in St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican
David, Moses the sculptures Florence
Raphael Santi
* He lived only 38 years.
* A lonely, unemotional, aloof (schizoid?) person.
* Influenced by Leonardo, he painted even more Madonnas than
Leonardo.
* In his painting “The School of Athens” he portrayed Plato as Leonardo
and Heraclitus as Michelangelo.
The Gothic style was gradually replaced by the Renaissance style.
Beauty & health of the human body is glorified in the arts.
* Dutch-Flemish style: realistic (naturalistic) portraits: peasant life
and Biblical scenes.
* Dante “The Divine Comedy”.
* Francesco Petrarch philosopher & poet writing in Italian
* Economic growth of small city-states, trade, mobility, navigation
and military technology.
The Silk Road was controlled by Mongolian hordes and irregular bandits. The
transportation of silk, cotton, pepper, and spicy herbs became a dangerous
and expensive business.
1492 Christopher Columbus – An Exploration of the New World
1493 Marco Polo - An Exploration of China
1497 Vasco da Gama - exploration of India
1519 Ferdinand Magellan - exploration of the Philippines
expedition around the world
1520 - 1522 Spanish conquistadors take Mexico and
S. America, without Brazil
The Brazilian territories taken by the Portuguese conquerors
Niccolo Machiavelli 1469 - 1527
* New domains of training: business & political science.
* Niccolo Machiavelli:
“The Prince”
How to control society and govern through
cynical socio-techniques, manipulations, diplomacy intrigues and
propaganda
divide et impera
Papal Inquisition, a court/tribunal was to protect Christian dogmas
(Nowadays, the legal system also protects the political and ethical dogmas,
e.g. democracy, and human rights.).
It was inactive until 1478 when the Spanish rulers Ferdinand & Isabella
used it to fight the political opponents “ heretics.” Spanish Inquisition led
by Thomas de Torquemada executed ca 2000 people.
The Reformation - a historic split of the Roman Church
into Protestantism vs. Catholicism
triggered in 1517 by Martin Luther an Augustinian monk in Wittenberg,
Germany.
His 95-item manifesto sparked an uncontrollable,
bloody revolt, wars and divisions for centuries to come.
Nicolaus Copernicus: 1473 - 1543 Torun, Krakow Poland. Astronomer &
canon of the Catholic Church
On the revolution of the celestial spheres
Heliocentric instead of geocentric system.
Daring to be “politically incorrect”
Renaissance - a revolution
Renaissance brought many achievements in arts, medicine, navigation, and
astronomy. On the other hand, the Renaissance introduced a lifestyle based
on egocentrism, materialism and individualism.
“Renaissance the most mentally disturbed civilization: bloody wars,
public executions, Inquisition, political intrigues, loss of morality, loss of
spirituality, egocentrism and egoism”
Post-Renaissance
(16th and the beginning of 17th c.)
The heliocentric system was later improved by Johannes Kepler 1571-
1630
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) Dominican monk,
mathematician and astronomer;
an inspiration for I. Newton 1642 – 1726
Psychologically insightful literature:
William Shakespeare and Miguel Cervantes
Galileo Galilei. 1564 - 1642
* Teaching mathematics and astronomy (Copernican)
at Pisa and Padua Universities
* Observations of the moon using a telescope
* 1624 Pope Urban VIII, former Cardinal Maffeo de Medici ) grants the
right to write “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems –
Ptolemaic and Copernican”
* 1634 Galilei was forced by the Committee of Cardinals to promise
not to publish or teach on the Copernican system.
* He was forbidden to leave his house until the end of his life.
* 1642 Galileo Galilei dies - Isaac Newton is born.
* Primary & secondary qualities of a perceived object.
Francis Bacon: 1561 – 1621
British politician and manager of science.
Methodological discipline in presenting scientific concepts. “Novum
Organum”.
Four types of bias:
* The use of old prejudices and stereotypes (Idols of the
cave)
Only one cave exists from which we see everything
* Uncritical reliance on sense perception (Idols of the
tribe)
Only what we see makes sense
* Uncritical reliance on authority (Idols of the
theatre)
Dogmatic, authoritarian view
* Bias of verbal attribution (Idols of the
marketplace)
Confusing the label with the concept and the concept with the reality
Other events in the post-Renaissance time
Ottoman Turkish Empire at its peak
Henry VIII establishes the Anglican Church
Queen Mary of Scottland executed
