Lecture 19 - Jung, Adler, Horney Flashcards
Jung biography
Carl Gustav Jung
1875 - 1961
Analytical Psychology
Swiss physician & analytical psychologist
Parents Solitary childhood
Medical School, Basel University
Specialized in psychiatry - Burghölzli Hospital (Zürich)
with Prof. Eugen Bleuler* studies on schizophrenia
(morbus Bleuleri or dementia praecox)
* not Dr. Joseph Breuer, co-author of “Studies on Hysteria”
Fellowship in Salpetriere Hospital, Paris (Pierre Janet)
Teaching at Zürich University
Research on schizophrenia, “Psychology of Dementia Praecox” sent to Freud
1907 visit to Freud in Vienna; friendship
1909 traveling with S. Freud to America
1913 friendship with Freud terminated
Personal crisis: postponing teaching and clinical practice
Travelling to India: learning about Buddhism and Hinduism
Back in Europe: teaching and practicing as a psychoanalyst
Doctor Honoris Causa (Oxford, Harvard, Zürich & Calcutta Universities)
1944 Chair of Medical Psychology Department, University of Basel
Dr. Jung, a trained physician, but fascinated by
philosophical, religious and mythical concepts
* Zeitgeist in Europe: Popular beliefs in the afterlife and attempts to
communicate with the dead.
* Maternal grandfather, an occultist practicing sessions to
communicate with the dead.
* Paternal grandfather, a physician, claimed to be an illegitimate
grandson (reincarnation) of Goethe.
* Dialectical view of reality: the Yin-Yang concept and Hegelian
philosophy (everything contains its negation).
Jung’s beliefs
The interplay of oppositions in the universe
Buddhism: Everything is made out of opposing forces
F. W. G. Hegel: Everything contains its own negation
C. G. Jung: “There is no reality without polarity.”
The interplay of oppositions produces the energy
needed to create and maintain the system.
e.g., life vs. death, light vs. darkness,
gravity vs. externality, matter vs. Spirit
The matter and the spirit realize their existence
thanks to their formidable synthesis in the human life
Mental energy results from
the interaction of opposing forces
Conscious vs. Unconscious
Creative vs. Destructive
Altruistic vs. Selfish
Sublimate vs. Primitive/Animalistic
Personal vs. Impersonal/Collective
Transient vs. Eternal
Individuation - the mental growth and becoming a unique person
The process of becoming a well-identified person
aware of her uniqueness in the Universe
involves the integration of oppositions:
conscious with the unconscious
creative with destructive
altruistic with selfish
sublimate with primitive/animalistic
personal with impersonal/collective
transient with eternal
The final integration/individuation (no more divisions, fragmentations) -
- if completed - makes the human life fulfilled
Individuation and self-actualization
The ultimate goals of the individuation:
* A sense of self-fulfillment, self-actualization
* Preparation for the transition
from the material life to spiritual existence
Examples of the complete individuation
Ideas of self-fulfillment, self-realization, and individuation
prefigured in symbols of God/human beings
(e.g., Prometheus, Buddha, and Jesus)
Human and Divine
Martyr and Savior
Temporal and Eternal
Material and Spiritual
Helpless and All Mighty
Jesus - an example of a perfect, absolute,
complete self-fulfillment and individuation
Following the cosmology of
Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, Descartes, Newton, and Kant
The spiritual aspect of the Universe is eternal
God - is eternal (no beginning, no history, no end)
The Collective Unconscious is archaic but not eternal
The voice of the Collective Unconscious is not the same as
the religious revelations of divine Providence (C.G. Jung)
”I don’t need to believe in the existence of God,
I know, He does exist”.
Individual or collective past: what is more important?
FREUD: The history of personal experiences
is collected by the person in her lifespan
JUNG: The history of impersonal experiences
is collected by the entire human race (ancestors)
and inherited as the Collective Unconscious
In the process of individuation,
the personal experiences are gradually integrated
with the impersonal experiences
Jung attitude and functions
Attitudes and Functions within P.C. and P.U.
Attitudes: Introversion and Extraversion
Functions: Thinking, Feeling (r.)
Sensing and Intuiting (irr.)
The interplay of oppositions:
Each attitude and function has an opposite form—one in the
conscious part (P.C.) and another in the psyche’s unconscious
part (P.U.).
An overtly, consciously introverted person is an extravert unconsciously.
A manifestly pragmatic thinker has the hidden sensitivity of a poet
R= Rational
Ir = Irrational
Pc = Personal consciousness
Pu = Personal unconsciousness
Some personality characteristics
resulting from a combination of Jungian Attitudes and Functions
Extravert - Thinking: Principled, idealistic, objective, rational.
Introvert - Thinking: Influenced by ideas, independent, often
fearful of intimacy
Extravert - Feeling: Adaptive, relating well to the external.
Introvert - Feeling: Sympathetic, pleasing others, may be
dependent, reserved.
Extravert - Sensing: Realistic, concrete, pleasant and friendly.
Introvert - Sensing: Calm and passive, restrained, controlled
and controlling.
Extravert - Intuiting: Enterprising, outgoing, can be irresponsible.
Introvert - Intuiting: Mystical dreamer and artist who sometimes
becomes obsessive
Jung’s the human psyche and mind
The human psyche and mind
- The personal unconscious
- The personal conscious
- The impersonal collective unconscious
THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS consists of:
* Forgotten personal experiences
* Sensory impressions, too weak to be detected
* Repressed memories or desires
* Unconscious parts of attitudes and functions
* The complexes (The Word Association Test
inspired by F. Galton’s Word Association Method)
The Personal Conscious (conscious psyche)
Contains:
- Conscious perceptions, thoughts, memories, opinions, plans, desires
- Conscious part of attitudes: Extraversion or Introversion.
- Conscious parts of functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensing or Intuiting
Its center - the Ego -
provides a sense of identity and continuity
in the first half of the human lifespan.
In the second half of life, maturation (individuation) integrates personal
and impersonal wisdom. A more sophisticated Individual Self
gradually replaces the Ego.
Since then, the Individual Self is not restricted only to PC but rather
occupies all three elements of the human mind: the Personal
Conscious, Personal Unconscious, and the Collective Unconscious.
Personal and impersonal wisdom
Influenced by Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus, C. G. Jung
expanded the personal wisdom
stored within the Personal Conscious and Personal
Unconscious
to include
the wisdom accumulated by all of humanity
throughout history,
stored within the impersonal Collective Unconscious.
Logos - the divine Intelligence, Mind,
Pre-Being, Creator, God, The One
(Plato, Plotinus, St. Augustine)
Nous - The God-emanated spirit
(Plotinus) or Collective Mind (C.G. Jung)
Autos – Individual soul (Plotinus),
Rational soul (Plato, Aristotle), or
The Individual Self (C. G. Jung)
The Collective Unconscious
* Intuitive, unconscious and innate wisdom
(in the form of archetypes and instincts)
* It operates through non-verbal symbols (messages) in:
- dreams (amplification, synchronicity)
- intuitive insights
- sudden illuminations
- choices and actions
- artistic creation
Intuitions representing an essence of objects and
events perceived by the human ancestry
throughout millennia, e.g., power, birth, death,
care, good, danger, mother, father, god, and demon.
Long and repetitive experience of human ancestors,
emblemized upon the individual psyche.
Inherited in form of archetypes and instincts.
ARCHETYPES - intuitive orientations, predispositions to
experience (apprehend) the world & oneself
Shadow intuition of survival
Anima/Animus intuition of gender
Persona intuition of appearing as “somebody” for others
Self intuition of individual uniqueness in the Universe
We are defined as humans
not only by our biological genes but also by our spiritual archetypes.
The balance-imbalance between opposing elements
The Shadow - the source of survival intuitions & spontaneity (like the Freudian Id).
The Shadow – if not balanced by the Persona and the
rational functions - makes the behaviour spontaneous, wild, egoistic,
and sometimes asocial or antisocial.
The Persona - the source of social roles (”masks”) and attitudes (like the Superego).
The Persona – If not balanced by the Shadow and emotional functions
–
makes the behaviour pretended, rigid, obsessive, perfectionistic, just to
appear according to expectations, not according to genuine feelings
Anima/Animus - the source of appreciation of own biological and social identity
and appreciation of the opposite sex-persons. The Shadow provides
spontaneity, while the Persona helps to restrain it within the social
rules and codes.
“Too strong Animus in a female makes her a warrior;
too strong Anima in a male makes him narcissistic, moody, catty and…bitchy.” (C.G. Jung)
Collective Unconscious - universal wisdom
Like Socrates, Jung believed in
the inborn universal eternal wisdom.
This wisdom circulates, beyond time-space, as
a stream of symbolic “messages” available in
dreams,
intuitive impressions,
illuminations, spontaneous inventions,
artistic inspirations and
sudden choices.
Synchronicity and the method of Amplification
Synchronicity
* Synchronicity - a meaningful simultaneous occurrence, an acausal
interconnectedness
* The concept is based on:
(a) The holistic view of the Universe
(b) An acausal view of interconnectedness in the Universe.
The universe is not just a collection of chaotic elements but a pre-
established harmony of meaningfully interconnected (mutually
mirroring and corresponding) elements endowed with a quantum of
consciousness. God is pure and perfect consciousness. See:
- Aristotle: animism and Scala Naturae
- Newton: the clock-like Universe set by God
- Leibniz: monads in the pre-established harmony
- Spinoza & (Bohr): the universe appears as material (particles) and
nonmaterial (waives)
- Jung: everything is “immersed” in the Universal Conscious/Unconscious,
therefore able to mirror everything (beyond time and space limitations).
Everything happens for a reason; the coincidences are meaningfully
synchronized in a symbolic way.
Einstein: “Coincidence is God’s way of remaining anonymous”
The “voice” of the Collective Unconscious
An artist is a person… who allows art to realize its purposes
through her; she is a “collective woman” one who carries and
shapes the unconscious, psychic life of humankind. (C. G. Jung)
Collective Unconscious communicates by symbols:
Symbol - a sign (icon or gesture) representing something
great and meaningful, e.g., ∞ infinity, or
Tibetan mandala symbolizes
the wholeness of the Universe
Like a painting or a symphony, the symbols integrate everything into
one: colours and darkness,
tones and silence,
presence and eternity,
matter and antimatter
beyond space-time.
The universe is rich in meaning;
Its perception depends on our
capacity to understand it.
(Plato, Plotinus, Augustine, Berkeley)
see Robert Lanza 2009 Biocentrism
Adler Biography
Dr. Alfred Adler
1870 – 1937
Austria,
later USA
.
Individual Psychology: Alfred Adler 1870 - 1937
Born in Vienna
At school, some problems with math, but well-compensated
Medical studies: GP, ophthalmology & psychiatry.
As a student, he was attracted to socialism (G= social interest).
As a GP, he made observations on acrobats hyper compensated
Rejects dream analysis. Resigns from the Freudian Association
to create The Society for Free Psychoanalytical Research
Association of the Individual Psychology
Moved to the USA. Died in 1937 “The Science of Living”.
Adler: individual psychology
dividual psychology
a study of a person striving to become
a unique member of the society
S = Striving to become
a driving force for mastery, being capable.
Its energy is the ”Creative Power of Life” (like Freudian libido)
that supports striving for goals, perfection, and abilities
An individual focused on the future: “Per aspera ad astra.”
The Fictional Final Goals are intuitive plans; not always
conscious, that emerge in early childhood.
Fictional final goals serve intuitive purposes that emerge
early in childhood; they are not always consciously identified.
These goals shape our unique individual style of life.
Innate drives:
S Striving for perfection (superiority) individualism
to become capable of mastering our lives.
G Gemeinschaftsgefühl (the social interest) refers to
collectivism, solidarity with others, sensitivity, empathy,
cooperation, and kinship with the entire human race.
(see “Epic of Gilgamesh”, Jesus’ social teaching, Goethe’s “Faust”)
A transient feeling of inadequacy sometimes experienced in the
adult world is not traumatizing if the efforts are accompanied by love,
care, encouragement, and respect for the child’s autonomy. The child’s
mind remains focused on direct compensation through improvement.
A chronic feeling of inability, inferiority, or failure is traumatizing if
associated with
- Parental rejection: disapproval, ridicule, belittlement, and anger
or
- Parental pampering: the secret acceptance of a child’s incapacity,
overprotection, and treating the child as a privileged person.
In both cases, the child’s mind remains humiliated and fixated on
indirect hyper-compensation as a form of protection.
The hyper-compensation resulting from
neglect/rejection
Neglected/rejected child
“Masculine protest”
The revolt.
The feeling of worthlessness is
masked by an attitude of
“not caring,” stubbornness,
impertinence, aggression,
the fantasy of a warrior,
and “toughness.”
Later as an adult
“Superiority complex”
The desire for hateful vengeance.
The sense of inferiority masked by
apparent manifestations of
”superiority’ shows power,
control, and cruelty toward
extremely weak or, paradoxically,
strong individuals.
(see the Atkinson’s experiment on this
paradox)
The motivation for striving for success versus the motivation to avoid failure
influences the choice of tasks with varying levels of risk and difficulty (Atkinson).
The hyper-compensation resulting from
pampering/spoiling
Spoiled child
Spoiled child
The exceptional worth and
privileges depend on constant
attention and care from
overprotective individuals.
To deserve the attention and
privileges, the child learns to
pretend to be needy, weak,
fragile, timid, dependent, and
special.
Later as an adult
Inferiority complex
Dependent-narcissistic
personality
(Freudian Oral Character Type)
Seeks attention, is self-centered,
and manipulative to highlight his
special value. Driven by an
insatiable need for admiration,
service, and privileges. When
frustrated, becomes vindictive
and hostile.
Compensation vs. Hyper-compensation
To improve
Trying again to overcome
obstacles or improving the
abilities to do so.
Direct compensation is aimed
at improving myself.
Dignifying and healthy.
To prove
Trying to impress others often
represents a desire to prove
rather than improve.
Degrading and unhealthy.
Two mistaken lifestyles
* Superiority complex
* Inferiority complex
* In both cases, the person is masking hidden feelings
of inadequacy and is profoundly unhappy.
SAFEGUARDING STRATEGIES
Excuses: symptoms as an excuse for failure.
Aggressive depreciation: belittling others.
Accusation: blaming others for my frustration
Self-accusation (faking guilt and suicidal ideations) to elicit
pity from others.
Constructing obstacles: Manipulating others to behave in
ways that make them “responsible” for our inaction—”I
do not… because you…” ”.
Horney
Karen Danielson Horney, M.D. 1885 - 1952
Hamburg - Berlin - Chicago –
New York.
The Neurotic Personality of
Our Times.,
New Ways in Psychoanalysis
Neurosis & Human Growth
Association For The
Advancement of Psychoanalysis
post-mortem American
Academy of Psychoanalysis
How can we live authentically? How can we realize
our true selves as genuine individuals?
The Real Self is an inborn potential and a force that drives
growth and self-realization. It represents our genuine
feelings, preferences, and talents.
Alienation is the estrangement from the Real Self, replaced
by the pretended Idealized Self. This involves neurotic
masking and hiding genuine feelings to fulfill “the tyrannical
should.”
Basic mental drives:
- Safety drive: to survive
- Satisfaction drive: to self-actualize and self-realize.
Negative family dynamics leading to neurosis:
- Lack of genuine love: pretense of affection.
- Lack of security: unpredictability.
- Lack of respect for the child’s autonomy: the tyranny of the ‘should.’
Fixation on survival in an uncertain, unclear, and unpredictable
world:
- Torn between:
- Basic anxiety: a chronic sense of danger and helplessness,
- Basic hostility: a chronic revolt and resentment.
The child remains in a chronic imbalance between the
Satisfaction (self-actualization) drive and the Safety drive.
A neurotic person remains obsessed with a defensive, reactive
rather than a proactive lifestyle. His or her self-actualization is
neglected.
NEUROSIS, a chronic emotional (not cognitive) disturbance:
weakness of self-esteem, interactional love-hate ambivalence
Interpersonal styles:
- Towards others: compulsive compliance and self-effacement
- Against others: compulsive aggression, vindictiveness,
narcissism and hatred
- Away from others: compulsive detachment, resignation
- With others: a healthy, non-neurotic, self-actualizing
