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neuroscience and mental health LCRS > lecture 9 : physiology and pharmacology of the ANS > Flashcards

lecture 9 : physiology and pharmacology of the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system needed for?

what is the para sympathetic nervous system needed for?

how do they work ?

A

fight or flight

rest and digest

they work together

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3
Q
  • what are some of the functions of the parasympathetic system?
A
  • constriction of the pupil
  • constriction of the trachea
  • contraction of the sphincter of the bladder
  • heart rate slows
  • the GI works more
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4
Q
  • what are some of the functions of the sympathetic system?
A
  • dilation of the pupil
  • dilation of the trachea
  • dilation of the sphincter
  • the heart rate increases
  • GI slows
  • gluconeogenesis and glycogenlysis increases by the liver
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5
Q

where is the sympathetic nervous system on the spinal cord?

how does the sympathetic nervous arm work?

A

T1 -L3 - no cranial
nerves exit the spinal cord and synapse in sympathetic chain (ganglion)

  • thoracolumbar outflow
  • Pre-ganglionic fibres leave the spinal cord and join together into sympathetic ganglia in a sympathetic chain
  • to allow mass discharge
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6
Q

where is the parasympathetic nervous system?

how does the parasympathetic arm work?

A
  • cranial and sacral
    no nerves emanating from the spinal cord
- the cranio-sacral outflow:
there are 4 main cranial nerves 
- Oculomotor Nerve
- Facial Nerve
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve
  • vagus nerve
    goes to an array of organs
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7
Q

what is the difference about adrenal medula

A

The adrenal medulla only receives pre-ganglionic fibres

there are no post ganglionic fibres

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8
Q

what are ganglia?

A

site where cell bodies exist

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9
Q

what are pre ganglionic neurones

A

the fibres coming out of the spinal cord - synapse onto cells on the spinal cord

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10
Q

what are post ganglionic neurones

A

these are fibres that synapse onto cells in the ganglia

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11
Q

where is the ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

parasympathetic - inside the target organ

sympathetic - outside the target organ

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12
Q

what are the pre and pos ganglionic nerves like in para and sympathetic systems

A

sympathetic

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13
Q

what kind of neurotransmitter controls the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

cholinergic

acetylcholine and the pre and post neurones

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14
Q

what kind of neurotransmitter controls the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

glutamate

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15
Q

what neurotransmitter is always used in the ganglia?

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

why is the adrenal medulla different?

what does it release?

A
  • this is because the adrenal medulla doesn’t go through the sympathetic ganglia
  • then releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
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17
Q

how are the structures of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves different?

A
  • parasympathetic :
    pre-ganglionic
    fibres are long.

The post-ganglionic fibres are then short.

  • sympathetic :
    post-ganglionic fibre is long.
    and pre ganglionic fibre is short
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18
Q

how is the somatic nervous system different?

A
  • somatic supplies the skeletal muscle

- glutamate comes down to the spinal cord and synapses to the effector neurones which then release acetyl choline

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19
Q

*how is noradrenaline biosynthesised?

A
  • L-phenylalanine
  • L-tyrosine
  • L-DOPA
    Dopamine (cytoplasm) then in vesicles converted to noradrenaline
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20
Q

how is acetylcholine biosynthesised?

A

acetate + choline uses choline acetyltransferase to produce ACh, broken down by acetylcholinesterase

21
Q

what is the intermediolateral cell column?

A
  • found T1-L3 and target of presympathetic neurones
    where sympathetic neurones eminate from
  • travelling to the sympathetic ganglia outside of the cord
  • synapsing to post-ganglionic neurones
22
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system regulate blood pressure?

A
  • baroreceptors in the aorta respond to mechanical pressure
  • When BP threshold reached, baroreceptors start to fire
  • Aortic baroreceptors send impulses down vagus afferents, to brain
  • this causes impulses down the vagus efferents to decrease the stroke volume and also the output
  • also causing vasodilation
23
Q

what is the baroreflex?

A
  • the set point is normal blood pressure
  • a tiny change in blood pressure can cause significant change in baroreceptor firing
  • sketch the graph
    (sigmoid curve )
    baroreceptor firing vs blood pressure
24
Q

how is the GI function regulated?

A
  • this is innovated by the vagus nerve
  • the sight, small, taste of food causes secretion of acid in the stomach
  • sensory input enters hypothalamus
  • output goes out of the spinal cord
25
Q

what is the cephalic response

A
  • cephalic response is the response of the body to food before you have ingested it
  • the pancreas pumps insulin into the body
    (happens even before food is ingested)
  • also there is a release of gastric juices in the stomach
  • the mechanoreceptors then detect the stomach wall distension which send info via the vagus nerve to the brainstem to alert the brain that the person has eaten
  • gut hormones are released by GI tract to activate chemoreceptors to signal to the brain to stop eating via the vagus nerve
26
Q

what happens to satiety hormones in obesity?

A

obesity decreases the response from mechanoreceptors for a given pressure and loses satiety hormones

27
Q

what are satiety hormones

A

the GI releases these hormones which via the chemoreceptors on vagus nerve signals to the brain stem that one is full now and to stop eating

28
Q

what makes up the central respiratory centre?

A

Pontine respiratory centre (rate and pattern) in the pons and the ventral (coordinating rhythmicity)/dorsal (inspiration and diaphragm control) groups in the medulla make up the central respiratory centre

29
Q

how is respiration regulated?

A
  • aortic chemoreceptors transmit down vagus nerve
  • carotid chemoreceptors transmit down 9th cranial nerve

they detect decreases O2, decreased PH and increased CO2

  • Central chemoreceptors respond to decreased pH and increased CO2
  • All chemoreceptors communicate with the dorsal group of the medulla to increase respiration
  • the lung mechanoreceptors are stretched and transmit down the vagus nerve which prevents respiration

Mechanoreceptors communicate with the dorsal group

30
Q
  • how do the different parts of the spinal cord innovate?
A

C1-C3 = accessory muscles

C3-C5 = diaphragm control

T1-T11 = intercostals

T6-L1 = abdominals

31
Q

explain how is the bladder controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulation of the bladder is associated with the pressure inside the bladder
  • stretch receptors in the wall have influence on the afferent pathways along the pelvic nerve which is part of the micturition reflex
  • there is parasympathetic control over the muscle in the bladder wall which means it contracts
  • there is sympathetic control over the internal sphincter via the hypogastric nerve
  • as the parasympathetic system increases activity the sympathetic system will decrease activity
32
Q

what is the signal pathway through the brain stem?

A
  • signal travels up the vagus nerve to the nucleus tracts solitarius
  • this signal then moves up the brain stem into the hypothalamus
  • information is then sent back down the vagus nerve to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
33
Q

what receptors does the sympathetic system use?

A

adrenoreceptors
alpha and beta

alpha 1- ABD
alpha 2 - ABC
beta 1
beta 2

34
Q

what receptors does the parasympathetic system use?

A

cholinoceptors

  • nicotinic
  • muscarinic
35
Q

what types of receptors are there?

how do they work ?

A

ion channels - binding ligands therefore conformational change

G protein coupled receptors
- binding of ligand to outer membrane which activates down stream process

36
Q

what are the PSNS receptors?

A

-Synapse 1 = ACh in nicotinic

Synapse 2 = ACh in muscarinic

37
Q

what are the SNS receptors?

A

Mostly NA/DA postganglionic

All ganglionic synapses are nicotinic ACh receptors

Sweat glands use ACh muscarinic receptors

38
Q

what are examples of cholinergic drugs?

what do they do?

A
  • Atropine: competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist

- Tubocurarine: nicotinic receptor antagonist - also used as NMJ so would paralyse muscles

39
Q

what does adrenergic mean?

A

working on adrenaline or noradrenaline

40
Q

where are adrenergic receptors found?

A
  • Alpha1 receptors located on most effector organs to cause smooth muscle contraction
  • Alpha2 receptors present on presynaptic neurones to limit NA release to synapse
  • Beta1 receptor exclusively found on the heart to increase cardiac output
  • Beta2 receptors can relax smooth muscle in noradrenaline synapses
41
Q

what odes doxazosin do?

A

Alpha1 receptor antagonist to cause smooth muscle dilation

42
Q

what does medetomidine do?

A

Alpha2 receptor agonist to decrease NA release

43
Q

what does atenolol do?

A

Beta1 receptors antagonist to decrease HR

44
Q

what does salbutamol do?

A

Beta2 receptor agonist to relax smooth muscle

45
Q

what is shy drager syndrome?

A

(Multiple System Atrophy)
- Synucleopathy - associated with loss of intermediolateral cell bodies and striatonigral brain areas

orthostatic hypotension, impotence, dry mouth, urinary retention and incontinence

46
Q

what is 1 hypotension ?

A

Exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity to blood vessels and renal bed leads to increased circulating volume and vascular tone

47
Q

what is heart failure?

A
  • Inability of heart to pump sufficient blood to meet oxygen demand
  • Associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity to renal bed,
48
Q

what is parkinsons disease?

A
  • autonomic dysfunction

- vagus nerve affected

neuroscience and mental health LCRS (13 decks)

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