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neuroscience and mental health LCRS > lecture 1 : cells of the nervous system > Flashcards

lecture 1 : cells of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neurone?

A

this is a highly organised metabolically active cell involved in cells signalling

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2
Q

what are the features of the cell body?

A
  • large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus
  • there is abundant Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • there is a well developed golgi
  • abundant mitochondria
    highly organised cytoskeleton
  • numerous lysosomes
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3
Q

what are the features of dendrites?

A
  • they receive incoming information
  • dendrites have protrusion called dendritic spines that receive the majority of synapses
  • they increase the surface area of the neurone
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4
Q

what cells does the cerebellum have a large number of?

A

the cerebellum has a large number of purkinje cells

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5
Q

what are
primary dendrites ?
secondary dendrites ?
tertiary dendrites?

A

from vertices of pyramid
form primaries
form secondaries

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6
Q

what is the axon hillock?

A

this is where the action potential is generated

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7
Q

what are axons organised into?

A
  • node - sodium channels are found here
  • paranode - ends of the myelin are bound to the axon to form tight junctions
  • juxta paranode - area adjacent to paranode where potassium and calcium channels are found
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8
Q

what are unmyelinated sections called?

A

the nodes of ranvier

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9
Q

where are the terminals located?

A

they are close to the target

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10
Q

what are the two forms of axon terminals?

A

boutons - this is a standard synapse
varicosities - this is when axons may synapse with many smooth muscle cells so there are many swellings containing neurotransmitters

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11
Q

what are prominant features in axons?

A

microtubules and neurofilaments

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12
Q

what feature is present in the post synaptic neurone?

A
  • there are lots of mitochondria present

- this is due to large amounts of ion pumping and synaptic transmission

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13
Q

what are the two types of synaptic inputs ?

A
  • they can be excitatory

- they can be inhibitory

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14
Q

how do neurones interact together?

A

the competing inputs are integrated in the postsynaptic neurone - this is neuronal integration

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15
Q

what are the types of synapse?

A
  1. axon dendritic (excitatory)
  2. axon somatic (inhibitory)
  3. axon anoxic (modulatory)
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16
Q

what is anterograde transport?

A

this is the transport of materials needed for neurotransmission away from the soma

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17
Q

what are the two types of anterograde transport and what do they consist of ?

A
  • fast anterograde:
    consists of synaptic vesicles, transmitters and mitochondria
  • slow anterograde:
    this is the bulk cytoplasmic flow of soluble constituents
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18
Q

what is retrograde transport?

A
  • this is the transport of materials towards the soma
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19
Q

what is fast retrograde?

A
  • transport of substances happens from the EC space
  • trophic growth factors
  • uses different molecular motors
20
Q

what happens in multiple sclerosis?

A

this is a restriction on the axon which causes swellings to occur due to accumulation of vesicles of neurotransmitter at the restricted point

21
Q

what is a pseudo unipolar ?

A
  • these neurones have two fused processes that are axonal in structure
  • they are normally sensory neurones
  • the signal received passes directly to the axon terminal without going through the soma
22
Q

what is a bi polar neurone?

A
  • this is involved in the white matter of the cerebral cortex
  • the soma is in the same line of action as the axon
23
Q

what is a golgi type 1 multipolar?

what are examples

A
  • these have highly branched dendritic trees
  • the axons extend for large distances
  • pyramidal cells (cerebral cortex)
  • purkinje cells
    (cerebellum)
  • anterior horn cells
    (spinal cord)
24
Q

what are golgi type 2 multipolar cells?

what are examples

A
  • they are highly branched dendritic trees
  • they have short axons
  • glutamate transmitters
  • stellate cells (found in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex)
25
Q

what are the three main types of neurone?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneurone
26
Q

what are sensory neurones?

A

they are normally pseudo uni polar with one process that divides into two branches

  • one branch to the CNA
  • one branch to the sensory receptor
27
Q

what are motor neurones?

A
  • they conduct signals form the CNA to the effectors

- they are generally multipolar with large somas

28
Q

what are interneurones?

A
  • these are neurones whose somas and processes remain inside the CNS
  • they can be large multipolar neurones or small bio polar circuit neurones
29
Q

what is a nucleus?

A
  • this is a group of un-encapsulated neuronal cell bodies within the CNS
30
Q

what is a lamiae?

A

these are layers of neurones of similar type and function

31
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

these are groups of neuronal soma in the peripheral nervous system that are encapsulated to form a ganglion

32
Q

what are fibre tracts?

A

these are groups or bundles of axons in the CNS

33
Q

what are nerves?

A

nerves are discrete bundles of axons outside of the CNS

34
Q

what are neuroglia?

what are the different neuroglia?

A

these are the support cells of the CNS

  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • immature progenitors
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
35
Q

what is the structure of astrocytes?

A
  • multi processed star like shape
  • most numerous cell in the CNS
  • there are gap junctions present
36
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • they are a scaffold for other cell types and aid the growth of axons
  • the formation of the blood brain barrier
  • transport of substances from the blood to the neurones
  • the removal and the degradation of neurotransmitters
  • the synthesis of neurotrophic factors
  • potassium buffering
  • scar tissue formation
  • glioma formation
37
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

they are the myelin forming cells of the CNS

38
Q

what are the types of oligodendrocytes

what is the structure of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • the main types are interfascicular and perineuronal
  • they have small and spherical nuclei
  • they have thin process
  • there are prominent golgi
  • they are highly metabolically active
39
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • the maintenance of the myelin sheaths
    (much smaller than schwann cells)
  • they produce many myelin internodes
40
Q

what are the diseases concerning myelin?

A
  • multiple sclerosis
    (this is the loss of myelin due to an autoimmune disease)
  • adrenolebukodystrophy
    (this is a progressive loss of myelin)
41
Q

what are microglia and whats the structure?

A
  • they are the immune cells of the CNS
  • they are derived from the early development of the blood monocytes that invade the brain
  • they have dense lysosomes, lipid droplets and residual bodies
42
Q

what are the functions of the microglia?

A
  • macrophage population for the brain
  • they are antigen presenting
  • they are needed for tissue presenting
  • they are synapse stripping
43
Q

whats the structure of ependymal cells?

and what are ependymal cells?

A
  • they are epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canals of the brain
  • they have apical microvilli and cilia
  • there are gap junctions
  • there are no tight junctions
44
Q

what are schwann cells?

A
  • any axons outside the CNS are myelinated by the schwann cells
  • one schwann cell myelinated one axon
  • they can also perform the functions of astrocytes and promote repair
45
Q

what are satellite cells?

A
  • each soma in a spinal ganglion (PNS) is surrounded by metabolically active supportive satellite cells

neuroscience and mental health LCRS (13 decks)

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