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Pathology Final > Lecture 9 - Neoplasia > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what does neoplasia stand for?
what does it mean

A

neo = new
plasia = formation

an abnormal growth of tissues
-loss of responsiveness to the normal things that stimulate growth

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2
Q

how can you differentiate between neoplastic cells and nonneoplastic proliferations, that are just reactions to inflammation?

A

neoplastic cells are monoclonal (derived from one cell)

reactions to inflammation are polyclonal

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3
Q

true or false

some neoplasms are benign and others are malignant

A

true

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4
Q

neoplasia behave as ______.
explain

A

as parasites bc they depend on the nutrients of the host.
but they do have autonomy in their growth

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5
Q

what 2 things does malignant neoplasm bind to in connective tissues?
what 2 things does it secrete and why?

A

binds to laminin and fibronectin

secretes collagenases or proteases to invade the surrounding tissues

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6
Q

true or false

neoplastic cells are not capable of attaining immortality

A

false - they are

immortality - the ability to keep dividing indefinitely

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7
Q

what can be the origin of neoplasia

A

either parenchymal or mesenchymal

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8
Q

neoplasia can be benign, malignant, or……

A

borderline

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9
Q

differentiate between parenchymal cells and mesenchymal cells

A

parenchymal cells are functioning cells like gland, epithelial, and hepatic cells

mesenchymal cells are SUPPORTING CELLS like stroma, fibrous, muscle and bone tissue (connective)

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10
Q

all malignant tumors are called…..

A

cancer

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11
Q

how do you differentiate between a benign and malignant tumor by looking at the name?

A

benign has “oma” at the end

malignant will have “carcinoma” (if derived from epithelial tissue) or “sarcoma” if arising from mesenchymal (connective) tissue

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12
Q

name for a benign tumor of fibrous tissues

A

fibroma

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13
Q

name for a malignant tumor of the glandular epithelium

A

adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

name for a malignant tumor of fibrous tissue

A

fibrosarcoma

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15
Q

name for a benign tumor in the cartilage

A

chondroma

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16
Q

name for a benign tumor in the glands

A

adenoma

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17
Q

name for a malignant tumor in squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

melanoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of melanocyte (exception to the rule)

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19
Q

seminoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of spermocyte (exception to rule)

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20
Q

lymphoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of lymphoid tissue (exception to rule)

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21
Q

papilloma

A

benign epithelial neoplasm growing on any surface epithelium

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22
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign smooth muscle tumot
(usually in uterus or GI tract) AKA fibroid

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23
Q

pleomorphism

A

sign of malignancy
different shapes and sizes of the cell nucleus

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24
Q

hyperchromatism
coarse chromatin

A

both signs of malignancy

hyperchromatism = darkened nucleus in the stain

coarse chromatin - normally they are finely stained

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25
Q

abnormal mitotic figure

A

sign of malignancy

normally bipolar, when malignant it could be tri or quadripolar

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26
Q

a high ___ to ____ ration indiciates malignancy

A

high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

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27
Q

true or false

the presence of nuceloli indicates malignancy

A

true
-normally they’re not prominent

28
Q

how can tumors be classified based on differentiation?

A

a well differentiated tumor has good prognosis. has high degree of resemblance to normal tissue

moderately differentiated - moderate prognosis

poorly differentiated - worse prognosis. means NO resemblence to the tissue of origin (SOMETIMES CALLED ANAPLASIA)

29
Q

what does anaplasia mean and is it good or bad

A

lack of differentiation - very bad

pleomorphism, atypia, atypical mitosis, loss of polarity

has the worst prognosis

30
Q

true or false

benign tumors are well differentiated

A

true

31
Q

true or false

a malignant tumor can still be well differentiated

A

true

can be well, moderately, or poorly differentiated

for benign tumors - all are well differentiated

32
Q

true or false

benign tumors cause remarkabel pressure on the neighboring tissues

A

false - malignant tumors

benign tumors cause slight pressure

33
Q

hyperplasia vs metaplasia vs dysplasia vs neoplasia

A

hyperplasia - increase in cell number

metaplasia - change from one cell type to another (but reversible)

dysplasia - deranged cell growth. some nuclear atypia and the cells vary in size and shape

neoplasia - NEW, uncontrolled growth of cells that is out of physiologic control. hyperchromasia, loss of cell polarity

34
Q

disordered growth

A

dysplasia

35
Q

dysplasia is ___ and ___

A

irreversible and premalignant

36
Q

true or false

in dysplasia, the cells do not invade the basement membrane

A

true

37
Q

what is “carcinoma in situ”

A

preinvasive neoplasia

38
Q

dysplasia represents a state between ___ and ____

A

hyperplasia and preinvasive neoplasia (carcinoma in situ)

39
Q

true or false

dysplasia does not necessarily progress to cancer in all cases

A

true

40
Q

metaplastic/dysplastic changes require…..

A

CONTINUOUS STIMULI - like smoking

41
Q

mild dysplasia
mode rate dysplasia
severe dysplasia

A

mild - affects one tissue layer

mode rate - more than 1 layer is affected

severe - ALL layers are affected ** but basement membrane still isn’t breached*** AKA carcinoma in situe

42
Q

____ dysplasia is also known as carcinoma in situ

A

severe

43
Q

differentiate between invasion and metastasis

A

invasion - local spread when it invades the basement membrane and gets into neighboring tissue

metastasis is the secondary spread of cancer to a REMOTE AREA

happens when cells detach from the primary tumor and get into lymphatic vessels or bloodstream and get to distant organs

44
Q

BREAST CARCINOMA metastizes to where

A

lung
liver
bone marrow

45
Q

name the 4 steps of invasion of cancer, ending with metastasis

A

individual cells detach from each other

tumor cells attach to the ECM and bind laminin and fibronectin on basement membrane

ECM degrades through proteases that degrade ECM and type 4 collagen

cells that have detached from primary tumor enter lymphatic vessels or bloodstream where they get to distant organs

46
Q

hematogenous spread is via….

A

arteries or veins

47
Q

how does the direct invasion of nearby organs occur

A

when the tumor extends from its origin

48
Q

differentiate between the staging and grading of cancer

A

staging describes the size of the tumor and how far it spread from where it originally originated

grading describes the appearance of the cancerous cells

49
Q

what is TNM system

A

T=tumor size
N = node involvement (metastasis)
M = presence of distant metastasis

METHOD OF STAGING CANCER

50
Q

explain the M stages in TNM system

A

M0 = no distant metastasis
M1 = distant metastasis present

51
Q

the “T” of the TNM system ranges from….

A

Tis - T4

Tis being in situ and non invasive (confined to epithelium)

T4 being very large and invasive and has spread to adjacent organs

52
Q

the “N” of the TNM system ranges from….

A

N0-N3

N0 = no lymph node involvement

N3 = more distant lymph node involvement

53
Q

what is the grading of cancer based on?

A

the microscopic appearance of the neoplasm upon staining

54
Q

a high cancer grade means what

A

worse prognosis

55
Q

how many grades of malignant neoplasms are there?
explain them

A

grades 1- 4

grade 1 = best prognosis. well differentiated

grade 2 = moderately differentiated

grade 3 = poorly differentiated

grade 4 = nearly anaplastic – lost almost all features of original cells - worst prognosis

56
Q

grade 1 is considereed ___ grade
grade 2, 3, 4….

A

grade 1 is low grade

2 is intermediate grade

3 is high grade

4 is anaplastic

57
Q

true or false

anaplasia is a feature of malignant tumors

A

true

58
Q

how is “history and physical examination” a diagnostic method for neoplasia

A

HC worker noticing weight loss, fatigue, pain, and possible mass

59
Q

name 4 radiographic techniques that can help to detect masses

A

x-rays
CT scans
MRI
US (ultrasonography)

60
Q

how can laboratory analyses be a diagnostic technique for neoplasia

A

specific antigen levels or genes may be detected

61
Q

how is cytology an important diagnostic technique for neoplasia

A

pap smear can diagnose cervical dysplasias and neoplasms

FNA (fine needle aspiration) can exfoliate cells

62
Q

how is tissue biopsy and surgery a diagnostic technique for neoplasm

A

biopsy - can get small tissues from colonoscopy, endoscopy, etc

surgery - portions of organ or tissue can be examined

63
Q

true or false

there are multiple serological markers associated with malignant tumors

A

true

64
Q

52 year ikd has increased serum cortisol and 2cm suprarenal mass

what is diagnosis

A

adenoma (tumor of epithelial glands)

65
Q

name for malignant cells derived from skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

66
Q
A

Pathology Final (11 decks)

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