Hemodynamic Disorders Part 1 Flashcards
hyperemia
excess blood in an organ
hemorrhage
blood exiting the vascular department
the heart is a _____ sided pump
2
the ____ separates the blood and the tissues
endothelium
cardiac output is an indicator of ________ function
ventricular
cardiac output is a product of…..
heart rate and stroke volume and cardiac index
adjusted for body surface area
what is another word for perfusion pressure
driving pressure
perfusion pressure depends on……
arterial driving pressure
the sum of all regional flows equals…..
the venous return
the cardiovascular system consists of ____ circulations:
2:
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
what is another term for passive hyperemia
congestion
when does passive hyperemia (congestion) occur?
when an organ is engorged with venous blood
congestion occurs systemically as in ___ or locally as in _____
systemically as in cardiac failure or locally as an isolated venous obstruction
tissues affected by congestion appear…..
blue-red due to the accumulation of deoxygenated blood
in long standing congestion, what can occur
hypoxia which results in parenchyma cell degeneration or death
what is pulmonary congestion
the passive accumulation of blood in the lungs
due to chronic left ventricular failure – left heart cannot pump out the blood and the alveolar capillaries of the lungs get engorged with blood
pulmonary congestion causes…..
erythrocytes to be degraded by macrophages - hemosiderin accumulates – “heart failure cells”
fluid is forced into alveolar spaces (pulmonary edema) which results in decreased gas exchange in the lungs
what are the findings when congestion occurs in the liver
central veins get very dilated
true or false
hyperemia is an active process and congestion is a passive process
true
differentiate between the color of the tissue in hyperemia and congestion
hyperemia - tissue is red
congestion - tissue is blue-red
true or false
in congestion, oxygenated blood is accumulated in the organ and in hyperemia deoxygenated blood is accumulated
FALSE - opposite
muscle exercise is an example of hyperemia or congestion?
muscle excerise
____ causes lung congestion
heart failure
what causes hyperemia
what causes congestion
arteriolar dilation - hyperemia
venous obstruction - congestion
what is hemorrhage
escape of blood from the blood vessels as a result of trauma/inflammation/neoplasia, etc
cardiac bleeding causes
penetrating wounds
rupture of ventricle as result of myocardial infarction
arterial bleeding causes
trauma or rupture of an aneurysm
what is thrombosis
formation of blood clot
what is hemostasis
mechanism through which the body controls bleeding and prevents thrombosis
what are the functions of platelets
adhesion and agregation to prevent bleeding
what are factors 1-13?
coagulation factors
the absence of plasminogen results in….
thrombosis
the function of plasminogen is to prevent the formation of thrombus by fibrolysis
name 3 factors responsible for thrombosis
damage to endothelial lining of blood vessel
abnormal blood flow
increased coaguability of the blood bc decreased natural inhibitors or increased coagulation factors
name 3 places a thrombus could be
arterial
in the heart on the endocardium
in the venous system
varicose veins are associated with what kind of thrombosis?
deep vein thrombosis
differentiate between the morphology and texture of a thrombus vs a post mortem clot
thrombus has a white and red layer and lines of Zhan are formed. it is friable
post mortem clot is red jelly and yellow chicken appearance and is pliable (no fragments)
true or false
thrombi mold (take the shape of the vessel) and post mortem clots do not
true
true or false
post mortem clots are attached to the wall and thrombi are not
false - oppoisite
mural thrombus vs occlusive thrombus
mural thrombus attaches to wall of blood vessel or endocardium of the heart
occlusive thrombus forms in an artery, stopping blood flow. can lead to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction
true or false
arterial thrombi do not undergo rapid lysis
true
which thrombi grows in a retrograde fashion, BACKWARD to the site of attachment – arterial thrombi or venous thrombi?
arterial thrombi
true or false
venous thrombi have firm attachment and arterial thrombi have loose attachment
false
arterial is firm and undergoes slow lysis
embolism
blockage in an artery
thrombosis can lead to…
embolism - most commonly caused by clots (thromboembolus)
95% of PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM results from…..
vein thrombi in the deep vein legs
what embolism occurs following bone fractures?
fat embolism - fatty marrow is released into damaged blood vessels
