Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO120 > Lecture 9: Mutualism & symbiosis > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Mutualism & symbiosis Flashcards

1
Q

what does symbiosis mean?

A

living together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is mutualism?

A

beneficial interaction between both species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is not mutualism?

A

symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does mutualism involve?

A

reciprocal exchange of goods between two species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is nutritional mutualism?

A

providing limiting nutrients (resources) from one species to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is defensive mutualism?

A

when one species receives protection against predators or parasites in exchange for offering shelter or food to its partner species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is dispersal mutualism?

A

one partner receives food as a thank you for helping flowers transfer their pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the honey bee example of mutualism?

A

Yao people in Mozambique harvest wild honey, but can’t find bees’ nests easily. Honeyguides (Indicator indicator) eat beeswax and know where nests are, but can’t access them easily. Honeyguides recognize the specific sound that Yao honey-hunters make to attract them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do you change the Lokta Volterra model to model mutualism?

A

add a plus sign instead of a minus sign in the bracket of the interspecific Lokta Volterra model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the outcome of Lokta Volterra’s model of mutualism?

A

they lead to silly outcomes where both populations undergo unbounded exponential growth, in an orgy of mutual benefaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What limits the population growth of
mutualists? ITD

A

-Strong intra-specific competition

-A third species such as a predator or a competitor

-Diminishing returns to mutualism as the population grows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the outcome of positive feedback between mutualists?

A

generating runaway population growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how did Simberloff define invasive meltdown?

A

when two native species facilitate one another’s spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are Spring ephemerals?

A

herbs that flower right after the snow melts producing a short-lived carpet of flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the native seed-dispersing ant?

A

Aphaenogaster rudis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the Invasive seed-dispersing ant?

A

Myrmica rubra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what type of plant do native ants like?

A

native plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of plant do invasive ants like?

A

invasive plants

18
Q

what is the job of cleaner fish? what is the mutualism aspect of this?

A

feed on ectoparasites on the
bodies of client fish

cleaners get food, clients benefit from fewer parasites

19
Q

where do the clients of the cleaner fish visit?

A

cleaning stations or territories of cleaner fish

20
Q

what is the outcome of removing cleaner fish experimentally?

A

increase the number of parasites in clients

21
Q

what does the presence of cleaner fish on reefs affect?

A

species diversity reefs

22
Q

what did redouan bshary study?how did he study?

A

natural variation of cleaner fish

studies their effects by adding and removing them

23
Q

what did Darwin predict about orchids?

A

these flowers must be pollinated by insects with very long proboscis

24
Q

what does the relationship between flowers and insects represent?

A

they represent reciprocal adaptation

25
Q

what do aphids feed on? what is the benefit and downside to this?

A

phloem sap

rich in sugar

poor in essential amino acids

26
Q

how do aphids provide their host with essential amino acids?

A

with their intracellular bacteria

27
Q

how do aphids reproduce?

A

mothers vertically transmit their eggs to their offspring

28
Q

what are the genomes like of vertically transmitted endosymbionts?

A

small

29
Q

how many base pairs is the mitochondrial genome in humans? how many genes do they encode?

A

17000 and encode just 37 genes

30
Q

which genes do Endosymbiotic bacteria lose?

A

the ones they do not need

31
Q

Are mutualisms often highly
specialized?

A

But most mutualisms are NOT tightly coevolved species-specific interactions

31
Q

why do Endosymbiotic bacteria lose genes that they no longer need? (2)

A

Some functions are unnecessary because bacteria are no longer free-living (protected inside host cells)

Other functions ‘outsourced’ to host genome

32
Q

how do most species in mutualism interactions reproduce? what does this mean?

A

horizontally

partners are acquired anew each generation

33
Q

are mutualism one-to-one interactions?

A

usually many to many interactions

34
Q

what are Current ‘hot’ areas of mutualism research? (2)

A

Understanding networks of interactions among large numbers of species

Microbiomes

35
Q

what are microbiomes?

A

all the microbes living together in a community

36
Q

how many pollinator species do plants have? how many plant species do pollinators have?

A

Most plants have many pollinators species; most pollinators visit many plant species

37
Q

what are sequencing-based methods to characterize microbial diversity in a host?

conserve genes, DNA sequencing, culture microbes

A

Sequence a highly conserved gene, usually the bacterial 16S rRNA gene

Use DNA sequence data to identify microbes

Frees us from having to culture microbes in order to
study them

38
Q

what do Mammal gut microbiomes reflect? (3)
DPM

A

diet, phylogeny(history of evolution) and morphology (the structural features of organisms)

39
Q

what does accumulating evidence about microbiomes suggest? MIT

A

suggests a host’s microbiome affects its metabolism, immune system, and other traits

40
Q

what have Researchers compared microbiomes among? (3) CBM

A

human cultures, body parts, and medical conditions

41
Q

Microbiome researchers often ask the same questions ecologists ask of any community. (4)
which and how many, space or time or environmental gradients, simpler systems, adapt

A

What determines which and how many species live together in a community?

How do communities change across space or time or along environmental gradients?

Can we predict complex community dynamics by knowing what happens in simpler systems involving only one or a few species?

How do species adapt to their (host) environment and each other?

BIO120 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions