Lecture 24 Applied Evolution Flashcards
What is meant by de novo mutation?
any mutation or alteration in the genome of an individual organism (human, animal, plant, microbe, etc.) that was not inherited from its parents.
what is meant by evolution by pre-existing variation?
when pre-existing variation is put into new genetic, or geographic combinations by natural selection
how is gene flow related to evolution?
Gene flow is a fundamental agent of evolution based on the dispersal of genes between populations of a species
what is evolutionary principles in application?
the design of treatments that slow the evolution of resistance by weeds, pests, and pathogens, and the design of breeding programs that maximize yield or quality of crops
how do Multi-Drug Cocktails Slow the Evolution of HIV Resistance?
single mutations are less likely to resist multiple drugs because they have different mechanisms of action
what is conservation biology?
the study of the conservation of nature and Earth’s biodiversity to protect species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction
what is an evolutionary rescue?
when adaptive evolutionary change positively restores declining populations and prevents extinction
how does resistance against herbicides evolve? ENP
pre‐existing variation, epidemic spread, AND new mutations in local populations
Why does Multi-herbicide treatment stop weed’s resistance against herbicides?
Requires more complex adaptation making new adaptations less likely
Why does rotation of different types of herbicide treatment stop weed’s resistance against herbicides?
Different selection pressures regularly hit weeds
what are the issues in conservation biology? (5) ADDDH
The inability of populations to adapt
Loss of genetic diversity
Inbreeding depression
Fixation of deleterious alleles
Loss of heterozygosity
what does the likelihood of evolutionary rescue depend on? (3) BPR
Population size
Beneficial mutation rate
How much fitness was reduced
