lecture 9: life cycle nutrition mom to baby Flashcards
Inadequate nutrition for placenta
placenta fails to function/form properly
what BMI should you conceive a child at
18.5-24.9
Teenage Pregnancies
- higher risk of miscarriages, stillbirths, low birthweight
- normal teenagers need to gain 15-35lbs
preg developmental xtra calories
Not that much extra per day*** know the numbers
1st Trimester (1-12W): None
2nd Trimester (13-27W): 340 extra kcal/day
3rd Trimester (28-40W): 450 extra kcal/day
carbs when preg
Fuels fetal brain; spares proteins needed for fetal growth
Vegetables, whole grains, fibre-rich foods alleviate pregnant constipation
proteins when preg
RDA for pregnancy is higher by 25 grams/day*** more than what it is
Usually most women already exceed recommended intake
fats when preg
Essential fatty acids needed for growth/development of fetus
Omega-3, Omega-6 fatty acids needed for growth
To get Essential Fatty Acids females should…
eat 150g of cooked fish per week*
low mercury: salom, trout, herring, pollock*
high mercury: fresh/frozen tuna, shark, swordfish, marlin***
need for folate
New cells laid down at tremendous pace as fetus grows
Recommendations higher during pregnancy:
Non-Pregnant: 400 mcg DFE/day
Pregnant: 600 mcg DFE/day; + 400 mcg supplement
neural tube defects
Neural tube fails to close properly; 260 cases/year
Anencephaly: Brain development fails (lethal, but rare)
Spina Bifida: Spine and backbone don’t develop normally; far more common
Spinal cord protrudes in a sack; can lead to paralysis
obtain ______ mcg of folate from supplements + folate rich foods**
400
Need for Vitamin B12
B12 assists folate in making new cells
Eating any meat, eggs, dairy provides all B12 needed
Excluding animal products = need fortified foods/supplements
Be careful with too much folate; it masks B12 deficiency symptoms
need for iron
Pregnant women need 3x more iron
Fetus draws on mother’s iron stores -> enough for first 6 months
Fetus takes iron even if your stores are inadequate (fetus takes priority)
Blood loss during birth further drains iron stores
Recommendations:
All pregnant women take 16-20 mg iron multivitamin during 2nd and 3rd trimesters
Need for Magnesium and Zinc
Mg for bone/tissue growth, Zn for protein synth/cell development
Severe zinc deficiency is linked to low birthweight
Provided by protein-rich foods; absorption may be hindered by iron, fibre, other elements
need for calcium
The RDA (amount needed) doesn’t change, but you absorb 2x as much
Mineral is stored in mother’s bones and mobilized when fetal bones calcify
In final weeks, >300 mg/day is transferred to fetus
Adequate calcium intake during pregnancy important to conserve mother’s bone mass
Most women do not meet RDA for calcium -> increase intake with food + supplements
what is not a prenatal vitamin***
vitamin a
prenatal supplement summary:
0.4mg (400 mcg) Folate, by multivitamin
16-20 mg Iron, by multivitamin
Usually prenatal vitamins have more folate, iron, calcium than regular
gain recommended weight range for preg based on…**
pre-preg BMI
BMI AND RECOMMENDED WEIGHT GAIN**
Underweight (<18.5)
28-40lbs (12.5-18kg)
Healthy Weight (18.5-24.9)
25-35lbs (11.5-16kg)
Overweight (25.0-29.9)
15-25lbs (7-11.5kg)
Obese (30+)
11-20lbs (5-9kg)
Physical Activity During Pregnancy:
YES, can continue being active safely (cleared by doctor)
Benefits: Should know but sort of givens*
Mood + Self Esteem
Appropriate Weight Gain
Heartburn
Caused by pressure of growing baby on abdomen as well as hormones
- Make sure any antacids you take are cleared by a doctor
Constipation
Caused by hormones, growing baby, need for more absorption of nutrients
Foodborne Illness and Increased Risk
Listeriosis: Can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, brain/other infections
megadosing on vitamins/minerals
Toxic in excess; pretty much just Vitamin A
Vitamin A: Single massive dose (100x intake) can cause birth defects; or chronic high vitamin A
