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NURS 100 > lecture 7: minerals > Flashcards

lecture 7: minerals Flashcards

1
Q

major minerals

A

amounts exceeding 5g in the body
- calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium
(SNaP CaKCl Mg)

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2
Q

trace minerals

A

less than 5 grams in the body
- iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, other

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3
Q

calcium roles

A

integral part of bone structure
bone serves as calcium reserve
regulated by hormones
- other 1% is in body fluids: muscle contraction/relaxation, nerve function, blood clotting

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4
Q

bone formation calcium

A

hydroxyapatite: calcium + phosphorus = Ca3(PO4)2, add collagen

fluorapatite: displaces “hydroxy” part; fluoride makes bone stronger, resists resorption

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5
Q

calcium absorption

A

increased when calcium is needed
- amount absorbed in intestine increases

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6
Q

bone loss

A

happens around 25-30, 10 yrs after peak bone mass/height

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7
Q

osteoporosis

A

pediatric disease with gerontological effects

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8
Q

how to protect against bone loss

A

diet rich in calcium in early life

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9
Q

calcium sources

A

primarily milk and alternatives or fortified beverages
broccoli, leafy greens, legumes
avg canadian does not meet recommendations

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10
Q

calcium deficiency

A

adult bone loss - osteoporosis
in children - stunted growth, weak bones

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11
Q

calcium toxicity

A

quite rare
- constipation and kidney stones

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12
Q

phosphorous

A

2nd most abundant, associated w bones and teeth

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13
Q

phosphorus roles

A

maintain acid-base balance
part of DNA/RNA
part of metabolism - P in NADP
assists enzymes, vitamins in extracting energy = ATP
part of the phospholipids

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14
Q

phosphorus deficiency

A

doesn’t rly happen, easily met

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15
Q

phosphorus toxicity

A

calcification of soft tissues

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16
Q

phosphorus sources

A

animal proteins are best source
found in cola drinks

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17
Q

magnesium

A

50% bones, 1% fluid, rest in muscles, heart, liver, soft tissues
blood mg can b reg by taking it from bones or kidney reabsorption

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18
Q

magnesium roles

A

helps enzymes function
metabolism
muscle function
bone mineralization and resistance to tooth decay

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19
Q

magnesium deficiency

A

may occur from inadequate intake, vomiting, diarrhea, alcoholism, protein energy malnutrition
or
hospital clients on TPN and poor diets

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20
Q

magnesium sympt

A

muscle weakness
CVD, heart attack, HTN
symp rare tho inakes often below recommended

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21
Q

magnesium toxicity

A

may cause diarrhea, acid base imbalance
rare but fatal only w high intakes from supplements, mg salts, laxatives/antacids

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22
Q

magnesium sources

A

easily washes/peels away from foods in processing
totally unprocessed or slightly processed
vegetarian protein: legumes, nuts
whole grains, dark green veggies, seafood, chocolate

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23
Q

sodium role

A

fluid/electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
muscle contraction, nerve transmission

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24
Q

sodium deficiency

A

rare since foods are salty
can result from low sodium, kidney disease, heart failure diets
endurance athletes
hyponatremia: low blood sodium, headache, confusion, stupor, seizures, coma

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25
Q

sodium body maintenance

A
  • absorbed freely byb body and excess excreted by kidneys into urine
  • small amount lost in sweat
  • amount excreted in day = amount digested per day
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26
Q

RDA intakes for sodium**

A

AI (adequate intake): 1500mg (age 19-50)
(UL) Tolerable upper intake level: 2300mg

ppl eat more than UL approx 3400mg/day
gen from processed food, soy sauce, MSG, flavouring, bread (surprisingly)

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27
Q

sodium sources

A
  • junk food, bread, processed food, tomato dishes, soups, pasta, cheese (except swiss), meat dishes, sauces (anything seasoned)
    75% processed food
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28
Q

blood pressure sodium

A
  • high sodium associated w higher HTN, CVD, cerebral hemorrhage rates
  • more salt = higher bp and risk for CV diseases
  • some ppl sodium sensitive
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29
Q

reasons to reduce salt

A
  • old ppl w/o HTN can die of stroke
  • lowering intake can lower bp to reduce risk of stroke
  • can cause congestive heart failure or make kidney problems worse
  • potentially cause stomach cancer
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30
Q

potassium

A

principle +’ve charged ion inside body’s cells

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31
Q

potassium roles

A

maintenance of:
fluid balance
electrolyte balance
heartbeat

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32
Q

potassium deficiency

A

reasonable diets provide enough K to prevent dangerously low k
- heart failure from: fasting, severe diarrhea, eating disorders, etc
- can make HTN worse
normal intake is little over 50% of AI

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33
Q

potassium sources

A
  • fresh, whole foods, fruits - processing reduces it
  • OJ, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, avocados, strawberries, spinach, cantaloupes
    AVOID if u have chronic kidney disease
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34
Q

potassium toxicity

A
  • SAFE unless u have chronic kidney disease
  • if injected to vein stops heart
  • OTC KCI pills - don’t take unless doc tells u
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35
Q

chloride

A

major neg ion in body

36
Q

chloride role

A

acid base balance
electrolyte balance
component of HCI

37
Q

chloride sources

A

salt; added and naturally occuring

38
Q

chloride deficiency

A

not possible

39
Q

sulfur roles

A

synthesis of compounds w s
- amino acids w S - cysteine, methionine***
- disulfide bonds w cysteine
- antioxidants
- thiamin, biotin

40
Q

sulfur sources

A

protein containing food (in amino acids)

41
Q

sulfur deficiencies

A

unknown

42
Q

sulphur toxicity

A

diarrhea, not important

43
Q

iodine

A

has been added to table salt to meet intakes

44
Q

iodine roles

A

require thyroxine (hormone) made by thyroid gland to reg metabolism

45
Q

iodine deficiencies

A
  • enlarged thyroid - GOITRE***
  • severe deficiency during preg - CRETINISM***; retardation
  • sluggishness
  • weight-gain
46
Q

iodine toxicity

A

enlarged thyroid gland but decreased thyroid activity

47
Q

iodine sources

A
  • iodized table salt
  • seafood
  • depends on soil which has 1/2 day’s intake since iodine is used to disinfect milking equipment
48
Q

iron

A

most in body carried in proteins:
HEMOGLOBIN: o2 carrier protein of RBCs in bloodstream
MYOGLOBIN: o2 carrier protein of muscle cells

49
Q

iron roles

A

carries oxygen and helps enzyme use o2
needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters
liver adds iron to new RBC’s from bone marrow; recycled after 3-4 month in liver/spleen

50
Q

iron loss

A

can b lost in nail clippings, hair cutting, skin shedding
- significant if you lose from bleeding; GI bleeds

51
Q

iron gain

A

only 10-15% from diet actually absorbed but amount can increase/decrease if:
body supply diminished and needs it, or body supply abundant
hard to readily get rid of iron

52
Q

Free iron is…

A

a powerful oxidant, can damage cells

53
Q

iron deficiency

A

absorption not compensating for loss or low dietary intake, in stages
stage 1: decreased iron stores
stage 2: depleted iron stores
stage 3: iron deficient and anemic

54
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

more severe; depleted iron stores and low blood Hb

55
Q

microcytic anemia

A

cells are smaller

56
Q

hyperchromic

A

lighter red than normal

57
Q

pica

A

craving non-foods; assoc w iron deficiency - you eat clay, soil, air freshener; shits bad for u and will inhibit iron absorption

58
Q

risk factors of iron deficiency

A

being women (tend to eat less food and lose iron bc you bleed - menstruating or preg
being an infant that isn’t breastfed anymore, young child, adolescent
most common nutrient deficiency

59
Q

iron toxicity

A

hard to excrete once absorbed
- iron overload defended against controlling iron absorption
- genetic component: white ppl tend to continue to absorb iron even in excess
CV
infection: bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood
vit c helps iron absorption

60
Q

iron sources

A

preg women need supplement
iron forms: heme-bound (animal flesh) or nonheme (plants)
read meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs - MEAT
legumes, green leafy veggies, dried fruit

61
Q

iron absorption

A

MFP factor: meat, fish poultry

62
Q

Zinc

A

occurs in very small quantity in body

63
Q

zinc roles

A

everything
works w proteins in every body organ
helps over 300 enzymes
taste perception, wound healing, sperm production

64
Q

zinc deficiencies

A

often misdiagnosed
mild: impaired immunity, abnormal taste, abnormal vision in dark
severe: affects growth, infections will worsen w malnutrition, wounds heal poorly, alters digestive sys

65
Q

zinc risk groups

A

preg, poor, young, old, vegetarians

66
Q

zinc toxicity

A

@ risk in supplements
can block copper absorption/lower body’s copper content
can reduce HDL blood concentrations

67
Q

zinc sources

A

meat, fish, poultry, milk and milk products
plants not absorbed well; but some legumes and whole grains

68
Q

selenium roles

A

antioxidant

69
Q

selenium deficiencies

A

prostate cancer
heart disease/keshan disease

70
Q

selenium toxicity

A

w long term supplementation (nausea, ab pain, hair loss, nerve abnormalities)

71
Q

selenium sources

A

normal diet of unprocessed foods; widely distributed
- meats, shellfish, veggies in selenium rich soil

72
Q

fluoride

A

not essential to life per say

73
Q

fluoride roles

A

important for teeth - fluorapatite is resistant to decay

74
Q

fluoride sources

A

fluoridated drinking water

75
Q

fluoride deficiency

A

dental decay where fluoride is mising

76
Q

fluoride toxicity

A

Fluorosis: Discolouration, pitting of tooth enamel during tooth development
Irreversible once developed

77
Q

chromium roles

A

Blood glucose regulation with insulin; regulate release glucose energy

78
Q

chromium deficiency

A

Impaired Insulin Action*; results in diabetes-like condition - fixed with supplements
Supplements however CANNOT cure actual diabetes

79
Q

chromium sources

A

Widely distributed in food supply; unrefined foods, whole grains
Meat, whole grains, vegetable oil

80
Q

copper roles

A

Forming hemoglobin and collagen
Can handle oxygen - enzymes depend on it, metabolism
Also handles iron
Superoxide dismutase: Unfucks free radical damage, is copper-dependent

81
Q

copper deficiency

A

Excess zinc can interfere with copper absorption - deficiency
Menkes disease: Absorbed but not released into circulation
Disturbed growth and metabolism
Impaired immunity, arterial blood flow in adults
rare in severely malnourished infants

82
Q

copper toxicity

A

Unlikely from foods; possible from supplementation
Wilson’s Disease: Copper accumulates in liver/brain; treated with Zinc supplements
Copper ring around the eye, pretty cool

83
Q

copper sources

A

unimportant

84
Q

osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by overabundance of unmineralized bone protein - Symptoms include bending of spine, bowed legs

85
Q

osteoporosis

A

A reduction in bone mass in older people; the bone becomes porous and fragile
1/3 women and 1/5 men suffer from osteoporotic fractures; people w/ fractures may need LTC
Get a diet rich in calcium early on in life to prevent osteoporosis later in life

86
Q

bone breaks and use of tobacco + alc

A

Smokers have less dense bones and alcoholism = undernutrition, fall risk

87
Q

DASH Diet

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - Can help both salt-sensitive and non-sensitive
Achieves a lower blood pressure than restriction of sodium alone
Involves greatly increased intake of vegetables and fruits
Adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy
Occasional small portions of red meat, butter, high-fat foods/sweets
Greatly reduces salt/sodium
Results in progressively lower sodium and lower blood pressure as well
Adding Mg, K, Ca, Protein, Fibre makes this drop even larger
Ex., whole grains, fruits, veggies, seeds, nuts, legumes
Low K intake raises blood pressure
High K intake prevents and corrects HTN
Physical activity also lowers BP

NURS 100 (8 decks)

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