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HUNT243 Terms Test > Lecture 9: Infant Formula > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Infant Formula Flashcards

1
Q

If an infant is not BF, then an infant formula should be used until…

A

The infant is 1 year of age

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2
Q

What are the three types of infant formula products?

A
  1. Infant formula (0-12 months)
  2. Follow on formula (6-12 months)
  3. Special dietary formula
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3
Q

How is infant formula regulated in NZ?

A

HIGHLY regulated

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4
Q

What is standard 2.9.1?

A

Infant formula products

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5
Q

What is schedule 29?

A

Special purpose foods

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6
Q

What are some of the NZ formula regulations? (Standard 2.9.1 Schedule 29)

A
  • Specifies mandatory nutrient content
  • Labelling requirements
  • Controls food additives
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7
Q

What is proposal P1028?

A

Looking at making changes to the current regulations

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8
Q

What are the key amendments of proposal P1028?

A
  • Prohibiting cross-promotion
  • Mandading NIP
  • Restriction on the sale of special medical purpose products
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9
Q

Majority of infant formula health claims are…

A

poorly supported!!!

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10
Q

How many groups of ingredients have been tied to ‘claims’ in formula?

A

41 groups

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11
Q

How many claims have been made related to formula ingredients?

A

1884 claims

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12
Q

What percent of claims were not specific to an ingredient?

A

50%

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13
Q

What percent of claims were supported by evidence?

A

26%

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14
Q

What percent of ‘evidence’ relating to formula claims were funded by formula companies or had authors with industry connections?

A

88% - what influence did they have?

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15
Q

What are the 5 most common infant formula claims?

A
  • Supports brain/eyes/nervous system
  • Strengthens immune system
  • Supports growth/development
  • Easy to digest
  • Management of allergies
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16
Q

What is paleo DIY infant formula?

A

Homemade formula recommended instead of commercially made; raised major safety concern

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17
Q

What was the Paleo DIY formula made of?

A
  • Liver
  • Cod liver oil
  • Bone broth
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18
Q

What were the main paleo DIY formula safety concerns?

A
  • Immature kidneys and GI tract
  • UL for vitamin A, sodium, protein and iron
  • Microbiological risks
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19
Q

What was the end result of Pete Evans DIY paleo formula?

A
  • Book was shelved
  • Accepted changes to recipe
  • Rebranded “Happy Tummy Brew”
  • Moved to 6-12 months
  • Only once a day
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20
Q

What did Chelsea Winter do in 2020?

A

Posted a recipe for an unsafe “dairy-free toddler milk”

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21
Q

What is the issue with influential people posting their own formula recipes?

A
  • Using the word “formula” is misleading
  • Not regulated
  • ‘no nasties’ creating false ideas about formula
  • Dangerous advice
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22
Q

What alternatives are NOT recommended for infants <12 months?

A
  • Cows milk as a drink
  • Plant-based alternatives as a drink
  • Condensed milk
  • Evaporated milk
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23
Q

What are the two types of protein?

A

Casein and whey

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24
Q

Digestibility of Whey vs Casein

A

Whey is quicker whereas casein is slower

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25
Why does casein have slower digestibility?
Casein forms curds that are more slowly digested, resulting in slower gastric emptying
26
What is the casein:whey ratio of BM?
40:60
27
What is the casein:whey ratio of whey dominant formula?
40:60 - trying to replicate breastmilk; higher cost as manipulation is required
28
What is the casein:whey ratio of casein dominant infant formula?
80:20 - similar to cows milk; found more in follow up formulas
29
What is the formula for when cow's milk formula is not tolerated?
Soy formula - extensively hydrolysed, amino acid
30
What is the dominant whey protein in BM?
Alpha-lactoalbumin
31
Is there alpha-lactoalbumin in formula?
Low levels
32
What is the dominant whey protein in cows milk infant formula?
Beta lactoglobulin
33
Is beta-lactoglobulin found in BM?
No
34
What is the dominant casein in BM?
Beta-casein
35
What is the dominant casein in cows milk formula?
Alpha-casein
36
What is the dominant casein in goats milk formula?
Beta-casein
37
What is the general casein:whey ratio for 0-6 months formula from birth?
40:60
38
What is the general casein:whey ratio for follow on formula (6-12 months)?
80:20
39
Why does follow-up formula have more casein?
- GI tract and kidneys are now further developed - same composition as cows milk
40
What do soy formulas NOT contain?
- No cows milk - No casein - No whey
41
What protein is used in soy-based infant formula?
Soy protein isolate
42
Why is soy protein isolate highly digestible?
Has high amounts of essential amino acids, it is supplemented with methionine, taurine and cartinine (EAAs)
43
How old are babies that soy-based infant formula recommended for?
over 6 months
44
Which has higher protein, BM or formula?
Formula
45
What is the protein content of BM?
1.5g/100 kcal
46
What is the protein content of formula?
2.2g/100 kcal
47
Formula-fed infants tend to have greater....
Weight gain compared to BF infants
48
Protein quality in infant formula is positively associated with...
Increased risks of overweight and obesity, and these effects may have a long-term impact beyond the first 2 years of life
49
What did nestle propose in 2019?
to drop the minimum requirement of protein from 0.45g/100kJ to 0.38g/100kJ for follow up formula
50
How did FSANZ respond to nestle proposing changes to protein content in follow-up formula?
Declined - more evidence is required
51
What is the major CHO in human BM, cows milk and milk-based formulas?
Lactose
52
Is lactose intolerance common in infants?
Very rare
53
What is the main cause of lactose intolerance in infants?
Lactase enzyme deficiency
54
What are the two types of lactase enzyme deficiency?
Primary and secondary
55
Is primary or secondary lactase enzyme deficiency more common?
Secondary; primary is uncommon before 2-3 years of age
56
What are the symptoms of primary lactase enzyme deficiency?
- Diarrhoea - Cramps - Bloating/gas - Vomiting
57
What does secondary lactase enzyme deficiency result from?
Small bowel injury; non IgE mediated cows milk allergy or viral gastroenteritis
58
What do lactose free formulas generally contain rather than lactose?
Corn-syrup solids
59
What glucose polymers are the preferred CHO source in infant formula?
Lactose and glucose
60
What glucose polymers should be avoided as a CHO source in infant formula? (not mandatory)
Sucrose and fructose
61
What percent of the energy in formulas come from fat?
40-50% energy
62
What does the ratio of PUFA to saturated fat affect?
Digestibility and facilitates absorption of calcium and fat from the gut; there is a required ratio
63
What is the main source of fat in infant formulas?
Vegetable oils including: - Corn - Soy - Safflower - Coconut
64
What are rules for infant formula in relation to essential fatty acids in NZ?
Formula MUST contain linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid within a specific ratio and range
65
What are the rules in NZ for LCPUFA's in infant formula?
Not required; added to formulas at a cost to the consumer (premium or "gold")
66
Why are prebiotics sometimes added to infant formula?
Oligosaccharides which support growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the GI tract; Immunity?
67
What are the adverse effects of adding prebiotics to infant formula?
Increased incidence of diarrhoea, eczema and irritability
68
Why are probiotics sometimes added to infant formula?
For the beneficial live microorganisms
69
Why are organic formulas so expensive?
They are required to meet formula regulations and organic regulations
70
What is the NZIFMA Code of Practice 2007?
Applies to the marketing of infant formula, CANNOT promote 0-6 months infant formula
71
How much did NZ make from infant formula exports?
exceeded 1.8 billion
72
How much is it predicted that NZ will make in 2025 from infant formula exports?
2.7 billion
73
What is a common thing that infant formula has been contaminated with?
Melamine; causing kidney stones and kidney damage
74
What is melamine?
Used in plastics, adhesives, countertops, dish ware - organic base chemical rich in nitrogen

HUNT243 Terms Test (11 decks)

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