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HUNT243 > Lecture 3a: Pregnancy and Physiological Changes > Flashcards

Lecture 3a: Pregnancy and Physiological Changes Flashcards

1
Q

When are follicles matured?

A

During ovulation

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2
Q

What is the release of a mature follicle (and the egg within it) triggered by?

A

a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH)

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3
Q

Where does a mature egg go once released?

A

Once released from ovary the egg goes into the fallopian tube

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4
Q

How many sperm make it to the egg cell (if intercourse at proper timing occurs)?

A

Only a few hundred of up to 300 million make it to the egg cell

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5
Q

What is a zygote?

A

When a sperm successfully penetrates the egg - genetically complete

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6
Q

What happens after a zygote is successfully made?

A

undergoes series of cell divisions called cleavage - divisions increase the number of cells not overall size of embryo (mitosis)

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7
Q

What 3 phases of cleavage does the zygote undergo?

A

2 cell stage, 4 cell stage, 8 cell stage

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8
Q

What does a zygote become once divided?

A

After several divisions, it is composed of about 16 cells. At this stage, it is referred to as a morula - 16 cell stage

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9
Q

When Does the Zygote Become an Embryo?

A

After 10 days

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10
Q

When is the morula formed?

A

Around 4 days after fertilization

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11
Q

What happens to the morula?

A

continues to divide, fluid begins to accumulate between the cells, marking the transition into a blastocyst

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12
Q

When does the blastocyst form?

A

Around 6 days after fertilization

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13
Q

What happens to the blastocyst cells?

A

More than 100 cells. Fills with fluid and cells seperate into 2 groups

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14
Q

What is the structure of a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast = outer layer
Embryoblast (ICM) = cluster of cells inside the blastocyst

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15
Q

What happens to trophoblast cells?

A

develop into the placenta

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16
Q

What happens to the embryoblast cells?

A

develop into the fetus

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17
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Around 10 days after fertilization

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18
Q

When does pregnancy begin?

A

At conception

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19
Q

What is EDD?

A

Estimated Date of Delivery

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20
Q

When is EDD?

A

Typically counted from first day of last menstrual period (LMP); 40 weeks from LMP or 38 weeks after conception

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21
Q

When is the first trimester?

A

Conception to 12th week

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22
Q

When is the second trimester?

A

13th to 28th week

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23
Q

When is the 3rd trimester?

A

28th to birth

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24
Q

What is considered pre-term? (premature)

A

less than 37 weeks

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25
Q

What is considered term?

A

37-42 weeks

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26
Q

What is considered post-term (postmature)?

A

more than 42 weeks

27
Q

How many births occur on the due date?

A

Less than 10%

28
Q

How many births occur within a week of the due date?

A

50%

29
Q

How many births occur within 2 weeks of estimated due date?

A

90%

30
Q

When is the baby considered an embryo?

A

0-8 weeks

31
Q

When is the baby considered a fetus?

A

8 weeks onwards

32
Q

What is the baby referred to at birth?

A

Neonatal/newborn/neonate

33
Q

What is the baby considered 1 week onwards after birth?

A

Post neonatal

34
Q

When is it considered a miscarriage?

A

Before 20 weeks

35
Q

When is it considered a fetal death/stillbirth?

A

After 20 weeks

36
Q

What is the survival rate at 24 weeks?

A

Around 50%

37
Q

When is considered very preterm?

A

<34 weeks

38
Q

When is considered perinatal?

A

20 weeks - 1 week old

39
Q

Is the placenta an organ?

A

Yes - a temporary organ

40
Q

When does the placenta start forming?

A

At implantation of the blastocyst

41
Q

When is the placenta fully formed?

A

By 18-20 weeks; continues to grow throughout pregnancy

42
Q

How much does the placenta weigh at birth?

A

about 0.5kg

43
Q

What does the placenta carry from mother to the fetus?

A

Oxygen, nutrients and antibodies

44
Q

What does the placenta carry from fetus to the mother?

A

Waste materials including CO2

45
Q

The placenta takes over the hormonal role of what?

A

Ovary

46
Q

How is the placenta connected to the embryo/fetus?

A

By umbilical cord

47
Q

What is HCG?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

48
Q

What is the role of HCG?

A
  • What the body uses to recognise whether the pregnancy is viable
  • Works to prevent the body from releasing more eggs
  • Works in combination with other hormones to control pregnancy state
49
Q

What is the structure of the umbilical cord?

A

1 umbilical vein + 2 umbilical arteries

50
Q

What is the role of the umbilical vein?

A

provides oxygenated blood

51
Q

What is the role of the umbilical arteries?

A

removes deoxygenated blood

52
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus

53
Q

What can teratogens cause?

A

May cause a birth defect in the child or halt the pregnancy

54
Q

What are the classes of teratogens?

A
  • Radiation
  • Maternal infections
  • Chemicals
  • Drugs
55
Q

When is a baby not susceptible to teratogenesis?

A

0-2 weeks

56
Q

What are major congenital anomalies?

A

significant structural or functional abnormalities that are present at birth and can have a serious impact on an individual’s health, development, or functional abilities

57
Q

When do major congenital anomalies occur?

A

3-8 weeks (main embryonic period)

58
Q

What are functional defects?

A

abnormalities in the way an organ or system in the body functions, even if its structure appears normal

59
Q

What are minor anomalies?

A

less severe physical abnormalities that are usually less likely to cause significant health problems compared to major congenital anomalies

60
Q

When do functional defects and minor anomalies occur?

A

9-40 weeks (fetal period)

61
Q

When does major CNS development occur?

A

3 weeks

62
Q

When does major eye, heart and limb development occur?

A

4-5 weeks

63
Q

When is the highly sensitive period for NTDs?

A

The first 3-4 weeks

64
Q

When is the highly sensitive period for developing mental retardation during pregnancy?

A

7-16 weeks

HUNT243 (11 decks)

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