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Neuro I > Lecture 9: Histology of the Visual, Vestibular, and Auditory Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Histology of the Visual, Vestibular, and Auditory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of Tunica of the eye?

A
  • Outer tunic (sclera and cornea)
  • Middle tunic (Uvea)
  • Inner tunic (Retina)
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2
Q

In the outer tunic, what is the difference between the cornea and sclera; what is the zone of transition between the 2 called?

A
  • The cornea is transparent
  • The sclera is opaque (white)
  • Zone of transition = Limbus
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3
Q

The stroma of the cornea is formed by; which is layed down by what?

A
  • Collagen lamellae oriented at an angle to one another
  • Fibroblasts are present between the lamellae and lay down the collagen
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4
Q

What are the nerves in the cornea like and how do they change as they pass through?

A

Myelinated nerves are found in the stroma, but after crossing Bowman’s layer the nerves become unmyelinated and extend towards the surface in the intracellular spaces of corneal epithelium

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5
Q

Are there blood vessels in the cornea?

A

Blood vessel are NOT present

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6
Q

What makes up the uvea of the middle tunic of eye?

A

Choroid (aka choroid plexus) + Ciliary body + Iris

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7
Q

What is the vascular layers of the middle tunic of the eye?

A

Choroid (AKA choroid plexus)

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8
Q

Identify the layers A-E

A

A) Corneal epithelium

B) Bowman’s layer

C) Stroma

D) Descemet’s membrane

E) Corneal epithelium

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9
Q

What is the relevance of the ciliary body?

A

Lined with ciliary epithelium, which produces aqueous humor

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10
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the iris and how are they different?

A

1) Anterior surface: lacks an epithelial lining
2) Posterior surface: lined by a dual layer of pigmented epithelial cells

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11
Q

Where is the dilator pupillae muscle; contains what receptors and innervated by; contraction causes?

A
  • Found on the iris and consits of myoepithelial cells
  • Contains α-adrenergic receptors and innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers
  • Contraction causes pupil dilation
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12
Q

Where is the sphincter pupillae; what does it consist of; contains what receptors and innervated by; contraction causes?

A
  • In the iris and consists of smooth muscle cells
  • Contains acetylcholine receptors and is innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers
  • Contraction reduces the diameter of the pupil
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13
Q

The ciliary body occupies the bulk of _______; its fibers extend where; contraction causes?

A
  • Occupies the bulk of the ciliary body
  • Zonular fiber from the ciliary epithelium extend toward the lens
  • Contraction causes relaxation of the tension exerted by the zonular fibers on the lens during accomodation
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14
Q

Label A-D

A

A) Sclera

B) Ciliary muscle

C) Iris

D) Ciliary Process

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15
Q

What are the 2 layers of the inner tunic (retina)?

A

1) Outer pigmented layer
2) Inner retinal layer

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16
Q

What are the 10 layers of the retina from inner (deep) to outer (superficial)?

A

10) Inner limiting membrane
9) Nerve fiber layer (axons of ganglion cells)
8) Ganglion cell layer
7) Inner plexiform layer
6) Inner nuclear layer
5) Outer plexiform layer
4) Outer nuclear layer
3) Outer limiting membrane
2) Inner and outer segments of rods and cones
1) Pigmented epithelium

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17
Q

Which retinal layer are the nuclei of rods and cones found in?

A

Outer nuclear layer

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18
Q

Which retinal layer contains the cell bodies of the bipolar cells?

A

Inner nuclear layer

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19
Q

Amacrine cells synapse with axons of?

A

Bipolar cells and dendrites of ganglion cells

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20
Q

Horizontal cells synpase with?

A

Rods and cones (photoreceptor cells)

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21
Q

Label all of the layers from 10-1?

A

10) Inner limiting membrane
9) Nerve fiber layer (axons of ganglion cells)
8) Ganglion cell layer
7) Inner plexiform layer
6) Inner nuclear layer
5) Outer plexiform layer
4) Outer nuclear layer
3) Outer limiting membrane
2) Inner and outer segments of rods and cones
1) Retinal pigment epithelium

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22
Q

The axons of rods and cone project into which retinal layer and synspase with?

A
  • Outer plexiform layer
  • Synapse with dendrites of bipolar cells
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23
Q

What are 4 function of the retinal pigemented epithelial (RPE) layer?

A

1) Serves as blood-neural retinal barrier (from choroid)
2) Absorbs stray light
3) Phagocytoses membranous discs shed from rods and cones
4) Isomerizes all-trans RA to 11-cis RA, transporting it back to photoreceptors

24
Q

What is the fovea centralis; contains highest concentration of?

A
  • Highest concentration of cones

- Where we see the best

  • Surrounded by the macula lutea
25
Q

Label A and B

A
26
Q

Label A and B

A
27
Q

The axons of ganglion cells turn into the optic nerve at the _______, which lacks ______ and corresponds to the ________ of the retina

A

The axons of ganglion cells turn into the optic nerve at the optic disc, which lacks photoreceptors and corresponds to the blind spot of the retina

28
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the eye and where is each found?

A

1) Anterior chamber: space between cornea and iris
2) Posterior chamber: space between posterior surface of iris and the anterior surface of the lens
3) Vitreous (body) chamber: space between the posterior surface of lens the neural retina. Filled with vitreous humor to maintain shape of eye bulb

29
Q

Describe the pathway followed by the aqueous humor after being produced by the epithelial lining of the ciliary processes.

A
  • Flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber
  • Aqueous humor is wicked up by an area called the trabecular meshwork and drained into the canal of Schlemm
  • Aqueous veins are collector channels draining the canal of Schlemm into the episcleral veins
30
Q

How does aqueous humor production contribute to Glaucoma?

A
  • Obstruction of aqueous humor leads to an increase in intraocular pressure.
  • Either by blockage of the canal of Schlemm (most common) or inflammation preventing aqueous humor from reaching the trabecular network
31
Q

Histologically what leads to cataracts?

A

Opacity of the lens causes by change in solubility of lens proteins

32
Q

What is the function of the Tarsal glands of the eye?

A

Special sebaceous glands; secretion a lipid-containing product retards evaporation of tears.

33
Q

Infection and disruption of the walls of the tarsal glands causes?

A

Chalazion, a swelling of the eyelid

34
Q

Identify the gland types labeled by A and B

A

A) Tarsal glands

B) Moll’s glands

35
Q

Axons of the bipolar cells synapse with dendrites of the ganglion cells in which layer?

A

Inner Plexiform Layer

36
Q

What is found within the bony labyrinth of ear?

A
  • Semicircular canals
  • Vestibule - central space containing saccule and utricle
  • Cochlea
37
Q

What 3 spaces are found within the Membranous Labyrinth?

A

1) Endolymphatic space: within membranous labyrinth
2) Perilympathic space: between bony and membranous labyrinths
3) Corticolymphatic space: lie within organ of Corti

38
Q

What is the Scala media and what is found inside it?

A
  • Cochlear duct (middle part)
  • Contains endolymph
39
Q

What is the Stria Vascularis; what does it produce?

A
  • Found in the lateral wall of the Scala Media of the Cochlea
  • Source of endolymph
40
Q

The Scala Tympani contains what and is continous with?

A
  • Perilymph
  • Continous with Scala Tympani
41
Q

Label A-G

A
42
Q

Where are the stereocilia of hair cells embedded within the Organ of Corti?

A

Tectorial Membrane

43
Q

What vibrates within the organ of Corti causing deflection of stereocilia?

A

Basilar membrane vibraes with sound causing deflection of stereocilia attached to tectorial membane - initiates neural transduction carried by cochlear nerve

44
Q

Where is perilymph found within the Cochela?

A
  • Scala Vestibuli
  • Scala Tympani
45
Q

Label A-C

A
46
Q

What is the function of the Semicircular Canals and Ampulla, sensors for?

A

Rotational velocity

47
Q

What is the function of the Saccule and Utricle found within the Vestible, sensors for?

A
  • Sensors for gravity and linear acceleration
48
Q

Label A-C

A
49
Q

ID this structure

A

Sclera

50
Q

ID this structure

A

Choroid

51
Q

Identify the white, black, and yellow arrow layers.

A

White: Outer Nuclear Layer

Black: Optic nerve layer/nerve fiber layer

Yellow: Retinal pigment epithelium

52
Q

What is this structure?

A

Helicotrema

53
Q
  1. ID the white arrow
  2. ID the purple arrow
  3. ID the red arrow
A
  1. Corneal stroma
  2. Corneal endothelium
  3. Corneal epithela
54
Q

ID the black and white arrows

A

Black: Optic nerve (CN II)

White: Optic disc

55
Q
  1. What is the red arrow?
  2. What is the black arrow?
  3. What is the yellow arrow?
A
  1. Tectorial membrane
  2. Outer hair cell(s)
  3. Inner hair cell

Neuro I (15 decks)

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