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Repro > Lecture 9 - Getting Pregnant, Sex And Fertilisation > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Getting Pregnant, Sex And Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Seminferous tubules by germ cells

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2
Q

Where do spermatozoa travel to following the Seminferous tubules?

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
External urethral meatus

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3
Q

Where do spermatozoa first start to mature once produced?

What is needed to support this?

A

Epididymis

Androgens

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4
Q

What are the 2 main components of semen?

A

Spermatozoa + Seminal plasma

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5
Q

Where is seminal plasma produced?

A

Accessory glands of male repro tract

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6
Q

What are the general functions of the seminal plasma?

A

Transport medium for sperm
Nutrition to sperm

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7
Q

What are the 3 main accessory glands that produce seminal plasma?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

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8
Q

Which of the accessory glands produce the majority of the volume of seminal plasma?

A

Seminal vesicles

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9
Q

Describe the composition of the seminal plasma made by the seminal vesicles:

Acidic?
Contents?

A

Alkaline (neutralises acidic male urethra and female repro tract)

Fructose (energy)
Prostaglandins (move sperm along female tract)
Clotting factors (needed to move sperm)

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10
Q

Describe the composition of the seminal plasma made by the prostate gland:

Acidic?
Contents?

A

Milky and slightly acidic
Contains proteolytic enzymes (breaks down clotting proteins re-liquefying semen
Citric acid and acid phosphatase

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11
Q

Describe the composition of the seminal plasma made by the bulbourethral glands:

Acidic?
Contents?

A

Very small volume
Alkaline
Mucous that lubricates the end of the penis and urethral lining

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12
Q

What is the reference volume of semen?

A

Between 1.4 to 1.7ml

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13
Q

What percentage of spermatozoa need to look normal?

A

4%

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14
Q

What percentage of sperm need to be moving?

A

38 - 42%

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15
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Ampulla

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16
Q

What are the 4 stages of the human sexual response?

A

Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm phase
Resolution phase

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17
Q

What occurs in the excitement phase of the sexual response?

A

Psychological or somatogenic stimuli (touching)

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18
Q

What changes occur in the orgasm phase and then resolution phase?

A

Orgasm phase = lots of heamodynamic changes

Resolution phase = return to normal haeodynamics
Contains refractory period

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19
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time period in men where they cannot orgasm

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20
Q

What is Point and Shoot used to remember?

A

Point (erection) = parasympathetic

Shoot (ejaculation) = sympathetics

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21
Q

What are the important efferent nerves in obtaining an erection?

A

Pudendal nerve
Pelvic nerve
Somatic and autonomic efferent

22
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of th pundenal nerve?

A

S2 - S4

23
Q

What part of the penis receives an increased blood flow to achieve an erection?

A

Corpus cavernosum

24
Q

What it’s the blood supply like in the flaccid penis?

A

Arterio-venous anastomoses allows blood to bypass the corpus cavernosum

The helicine arteries stay coiled

25
Q

How does the penis change during erection, blood supply?

A

Smooth muscle in helicine areties relaxes, straightens and dilates allowing blood into corpus cavernosum

Bulbspongiosus compresses venous plexus keeping more blood in penis

26
Q

What neurophysiological changes occur during an erection?

What substance is produced?

A

Inhibiton of sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictor nerves

Nitrous Oxide produced

27
Q

What is the effect of Nitrous oxide on blood vessels?

A

Potent vasodilator

28
Q

What is the process to producing NO to cause vasodilation?

A

Post ganglionic make ACh
ACh binds to M3 receptors
Levels of NO rise
Diffuses into vascular smooth muscle causing relation

29
Q

What can causes erectile dysfunction>

A

Psychological
Vascular (Cardiovascular disease, diabetes Mellitus)
Anatomical
Neurogenic - peripheral neuropathy Diabetes , spinal cord lesion, multiple sclerosis)
Hormonal
Drugs

30
Q

How does viagra work to treat Erectile dysfunction?

A

Is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor preventing break down of cGMP so the effects of NO last longer (vasodilation and erection)

31
Q

What are the 2 parts of of ejaculation?

A

Emission

Expulsion

32
Q

What occurs in the emission stage of ejaculation?

A

Deposition of seminal plasma into the prostatic urethra

33
Q

What occurs in the expulsion stage in ejaculation?

A

Expulsion of semen through the urethra and out the urethral meatus

34
Q

What is the name of the sphincter joining the bladder to the urethra?

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter

35
Q

What happens to the internal urethral sphincter ini ejaculation?

Why’s this important?

A

Closes during ejaculation

Prevents retrograde ejaculation (stops Ejaculate entering bladder)

36
Q

What hormone is responsible for making the cervical mucus thin and stretchy?

What stage of the menstrual cycle is this relevant to?

A

Oestrogen

Thin and Stretchy around ovulation

37
Q

What hormone is responsible for making the cervical mucus thick and sticky?

What stage of the menstrual cycle is this relevant to?

A

Progesterone
Produced in the luteal phase and is still present but decreases as menstruation occurs

38
Q

What are the changes that occur during teh female sexual response?

A

Vaginal lubrication occurs
Clitoris enlarges
Uterus contractions
Rhythmic contraction in orgamsic platform

39
Q

What part of the femal repro tract is sperm deposited?

A

Cervix

40
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Further maturation of the sperm when its in the female reproductive tract

41
Q

What changes occur to the sperm in capacitation?

A

Sperm loses outer layer of its head so can interact with egg

Tail movement more whip like

42
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

When the head of the sperm produces enzymes which break down the outer layer of the egg called the zona pellucida

43
Q

What is the layer surrounding the outside of the zona pellucida that sperm must push through?

A

Corona radiata

44
Q

What happens once a sperm manages to fuse with the plasma membrane of the oocyte leading to fertilisation?

A

Cortical reaction

45
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

The process that occurs once a single sperm has fused with the egg to block other sperm from accessing the egg preventing polyspermy

46
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is resumed for the oocyte once fertilisation has occured?

A

Meiosis II

47
Q

What is the Morula?

A

What forms once fertilisation occurs, all cells totipotent, contains 16 cells before it becomes the blastocyst

48
Q

What stage of development is an embryo when its implanted in Assisted Reproductive Technolgy?

A

Morula

49
Q

What’s the benefit of Pre-implantation Genetic diagnosis?

A

Ensure no chromosomal abnormalities

50
Q

What needs to happen before the blastocyst can implant in the uterine wall?

A

Zona pellucida needs to break down so the blastocyst can hatch from the zona pellucida

51
Q

What is the order of the accessory glands in the male reproductive tract from most proximal (closest to the Seminiferous tubules) to most distal (closest to the external urethral meatus)?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

Repro (19 decks)

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