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Y2 - Repro > Lecture 13 - Fetal Growth And Development > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Fetal Growth And Development Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is the time period of the fetal period?

A

From 9 weeks onwards

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2
Q

What is the function of/what occurs in the fetal period?

A

Growth and weight gain due to structures developed in the embryonic period maturing

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3
Q

What is the main function of the embryonic period?

A

When the organs develop and theres some growth

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4
Q

What is the main process taking place in Stage 1 of growth?
(First trimester)

A

Hyperplasia
Rapid mitosis increasing DNA content

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5
Q

What is the main process taking place in Stage 2 of growth?
(Second trimester)

A

Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
Mitosis starts decreasing but size starts to increase

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6
Q

What is the main process taking place in Stage 3 of growth?
(Third trimester)

A

Hypertrophy
Rapid increase in size, weight and muscle growth

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7
Q

How can you date a pregnancy?

A

Date of Last Menstrual Period

Fetal movements (start at 20 weeks)

Symphysis-fundal height

Ultrasound

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8
Q

What is symphysis fundal height?

A

The distance between the fundus of the uterus and the pubic bone

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9
Q

What is the significance of the symphysis fundal height in dating a pregnancy?

A

Normally it’s size in cm is equal to the number of weeks in the pregnancy + or - 2cm

So a 28wk old pregnancy should be 28cm +or- 2cm

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10
Q

What weeks are ultrasounds normally done?

A

12wk
20wk

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the 12wk ultrasound scan?

A

Date pregancy (gestational age)

Multiple pregnancy
Chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome)

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the 20wk ultrasound scan?

A

The anomaly scan

Screening for Fetal abnormalities

Placental location

Size of baby

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13
Q

What is crown rump length?

What is its use?

A

The distanc from the top of the foetuses head along its back to the rump

Can date a pregnancy

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14
Q

Between what weeks can crown rump length be used to date a pregancy?

A

7-13 weeks

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15
Q

What other measurements can be taken to date a pregnancy in the 2nd or 3rd trimester (late stage pregancy)?

A

Biparietal diameter (distance between parietal bones)

Abdominal circumference

Femur length

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16
Q

What is the average birth weight?

A

3.5kg

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17
Q

What is macrosomia?

A

Large baby at birth

Weight > 4kg

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18
Q

What is considered low birth weight, very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight?

A

Low < 2.5kg
Very low 1 - 1.5kg
Extremely low <1kg

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19
Q

Why is important to accurately date pregnancy?

A

To determine whether a baby is premature or whether they’ve suffered and growth restrictions

To help determine the reason for them being low weight

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20
Q

What are the 2 different types of Intrauterine Growth Restriction?

A

Symmetrical
Asymmetrical

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21
Q

What is the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical Intrauterine growth restriction?

A

The timing at which the thing causing the growth restriciton occurs

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22
Q

What is symmetrical Intrauterine Growth restriction?

When does it occur?

A

When all the measurements of the baby are all proportionally reduced (abdominal circumference, biparietal diameter and femur length)

Occurs early on

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23
Q

What can cause symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction?

A

Genetic Disorders
TORCH infections

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24
Q

What are the TORCH infections?

Study These Flashcards
A

Toxoplasmosis (cats)
Other - (syphilis, HIV, varicella zoster)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex

25
What is asymmetrical Intrauterine Growth restriction? When does it occur?
When the biparaietal diameter diameter and fetal lenght are normal but th abdominal circumference are reduced This is due to nutrients being focused to the brain Occurs later on
26
What can cause asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction?
Placental insufficiency like pre-eclampsia
27
What is the general function of the embryonic stage and the fetal stage for the development of the respiratory system?
Embryonic development = creates bronchopulmonary tree (basic structure) Fetal development = functional specialisation
28
What are the further 4 stages of lung development following from the embryonic period onwards?
Pseudoglandular stage Canalicular stage Saccular stage Alveolar stage
29
What occurs in the pseudogalndular stage of lung development?
Terminal bronchioles begin to form
30
What occurs in the canalicular stage of lung development?
Budding from bronchioles begins to occur Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes start to form from the differentiation of cuboidal cells Some gas exchange can happen at the end of this stage
31
What occurs in the saccular stage of lung development?
Terminal sacs start budding from the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli start to form Surfactant starts being made from the Type 2 pneumocytes
32
What occurs in the alveolar stage of lung development?
Mature alveoli form Proliferation and expansion of capillaries nerves and gas exchange areas
33
What age are the lungs mature by?
8yrs old
34
What age is a fetus viable and why?
From week 24 onwards (Saccular stage of lung development) Alveoli are starting to form and SURFACTANT is being produced
35
What stage of development is a fetus viable by?
When the lungs have entered the terminal sac/saccular stage Which is week 24 onwards since some gas exchange is possible at the end of the canalicular stage
36
What is Respiratory Distress syndrome?
When there is insufficient surfactant production Often affect using premature births
37
How is Respiratory Distress Syndrome managed before birth (antenatal)?
Glucocorticoid treatment
38
Why are glucocorticoids given to a fetus in Respiratory Distress?
Try and boost lung development and stimulate surfactant production before delivery
39
How is Respiratory Distress Syndrome managed after birth (neonatal)?
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) Surfactant replacement therapy Mechanical ventilation
40
Describe the cardiovascular set up of the fetus:
Oxygenated blood transported from placenta to fetus via umbilical VEIN Deoxygenated blood transported from fetus to placenta via umbilical ARTERY
41
What point is the first fetal heart beat heard?
Weeks 5-6
42
What is normally Fetal heart rate once its developed?
110 - 160bpm
43
What usually happens to the heart in repsonse to fetal distress?
Fetal bradycardia
44
Why does Fetal Bradycadia occur with Fetal distress?
Low O2 reaching fetus Leads to HR reducing too reduce the demand
45
What week does the Fetal kidney begin to function?
Week 10
46
What is the function of the Fetal urinary system?
Produces fetal urine which is a major contributor to amniotic fluid volume from week 20
47
What is Oligohydramnios?
Too little amniotic fluid
48
What is polyhydramnios?
Too much amniotic fluid
49
What it’s the general function od amniotic fluid?
Protects/cushions the embryo/fetus
50
What can cause Oligohydramnios?
Anything that impairs the fetal urinary system Placental insufficiency Fetal renal impairment Premature ruptured of membranes Pre-eclampsia
51
What causes polyhydramnios?
Fetal abnormalities like oesophageal atresia (impaired swallowing) or anencephaly Gestational diabetes (urinate more) Fetal anaemia Multiple pregnancy (more urine made overall)
52
What is an issue with polyhydramnios?
Can lead to premature birth
53
When do the corticalspinal tracts of the nervous system start to form so coordinated voluntary movement can happen?
4th month
54
What month of development does myelination of the brain start?
9th month
55
What is quickening?
When th mother becomes aware of Fetal movements from week 15-17 onwards
56
When do fetal movements first start occurring?
8th wk
57
What are premature infants more at risk of?
Higher risk of neuro developmental disorders like cerebral palsy (also due to lungs may not be fully developed so get hypoxia at brain) Interventicular haemorrhage sync eblood vessels not fully developed
58
What can be injected into the woman between weeks 24 - 29 who are at risk of premature birth for Fetal neuro protection?
Magnesium sulphate

Y2 - Repro (19 decks)

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