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PARASITOLOGY > LECTURE 9: FLAGELLATES > Flashcards

LECTURE 9: FLAGELLATES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the subphylum of flagellates

A

Mastigophora

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2
Q

What is the class of flagellates

A

Zoomastigophora

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3
Q

Enumerate the intestinal species under the flagellates

A

Giardia intestinalis
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis

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4
Q

Enumerate the extraintestinal species under the flagellates

A

Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas vaginalis

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5
Q

The two pathogenic species

A

Giardia intestinalis
Dientamoeba fragilis

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6
Q

What are commonly associated disease and condition names of Giardia intestinalis

A

Giardiasis
Traveler’s diarrhea
Gay bowel syndrome

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7
Q

This protozoan is also known as G. lamblia

A

Giardia intestinalis

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8
Q

Giardia intestinalis is also known as

A

G. lamblia

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9
Q

Giardia intestinalis was discovered in what year

A

1681

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10
Q

Giardia intestinalis was discovered by whom

A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

Giardia intestinalis was first described by whom and in what year

A

by Lambl in 1859

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12
Q

Lambl called Giardia intestinalis as

A

Cercomonas intestinalis

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13
Q

Cercomonas instestinalis was renamed to Giardia lamblia by whom and in what year

A

Stiles in 1915

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14
Q

How many nuclei in Giardia intestinalis’ cyst

A

2-4 nuclei

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15
Q

In the center of Giardia intestinalis’ cyst there are …

A

Two longitudinal fibrils

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15
Q

Giardia intestinalis’ trophozoite has what shape

A

Pear-shaped

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16
Q

What species has bilaterally symmetrical trophozoite

A

Giardia intestinalis

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17
Q

How many nuclei in Giardia intestinalis trophozoite

A

2 nuclei

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18
Q

Its trophozoite has falling leaf motility

A

Giardia intestinalis

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19
Q

Giardia intestinalis’ trophozoite has what motility

A

Falling leaf motility

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20
Q

Giardia intestinalis trophozoite’s resembles what appearance

A

Old man’s face/old man w/
eyeglasses

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21
Q

Giardia intestinalis occurs when the host ingests food or
water contaminated with

A

Mature cysts

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22
Q

Giardia intestinalis’ trophozoites multiply every …

A

8 hours

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23
Q

Giardia intestinalis’ trophozoites multiply via

A

Longitudinal binary fission.

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24
Q

The cysts enter the outside environment via the feces and may remain viable for as long as

A

3 months in water

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25
Q

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Giardia intestinalis

A

Giardiasis, (Traveler’s Diarrhea), Gay Bowel Syndrome

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26
Q

It is characterized by mild diarrhea, abdominal
cramps, anorexia, and flatulence to tenderness of
the epigastric region, steatorrhea, and
malabsorption syndrome.

A

Giardiasis (Traveler’s Diarrhea)

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27
Q

In severe cases of giardiasis, patients produce

A

Light-colored stools with a high-fat content.

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28
Q

It is sexual transmission of protozoal and helminthic
diseases by orogenital or coronal routes, and an obsolete classification.

A

Gay Bowel Syndrome

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29
Q

The specimen of choice of Giardia intestinalis diagnosis

A

Stool

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30
Q

Duodenal contents can identify Giardia intestinalis using the

A

string test

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31
Q

string test also known as

A

Enterotest

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32
Q

The primary choice of treatments for Giardia intestinalis infections according to CDC

A

metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tindamax) and nitazoxanide
(Alinia).

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33
Q

Prevention and control for Giardia intestinalis infection

A

Avoidance of unprotected oral-anal sex

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34
Q

What is commonly associated disease and condition name of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Dientamoeba fragilis infection (symptomatic)

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35
Q

it is initially classified as an ameba.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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36
Q

A pathogenic species known to have no cyst stage.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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36
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis’ trophozoite has what shape

A

Irregular and roundish in shape.

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37
Q

How many nuclei in Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoite

A

2 nuclei

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38
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis’ trophozoite consists of how many nuclei

A

2 nuclei

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39
Q

It is known that Dientamoeba fragilis resides in the …

A

Mucosal crypts of the large intestine.

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40
Q

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Dientamoeba fragilis infection

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41
Q

Present with diarrhea and abdominal pain.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis infection

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41
Q

Other documented symptoms that may occur
include bloody or mucoid stools, flatulence,
nausea or vomiting, weight loss, and fatigue or
weakness.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis infection

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42
Q

Some patients experience diarrhea alternating
with constipation, low-grade eosinophilia, and
pruritus.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis infection

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43
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis diagnosis

A

Examination of stool

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44
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis infection treatment of choice

A

Iodoquinol

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45
Q

The acceptable alternative treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis infection

A

Tetracycline

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46
Q

Prevention and Control for Dientamoeba fragilis infection

A

Avoidance of unprotected homosexual practices

47
Q

What are the two intestinal non-pathogenic species

A

Trichomonas hominis
Chilomastix mesnili

48
Q

A non-pathogenic species with no cyst stage

A

Trichomonas hominis

49
Q

Its trophozoite is pyriform-shape

A

Trichomonas hominis

50
Q

What is the shape of Trichomonas hominis

A

Pyriform shape

51
Q

What is the size range of Trichomonas hominis

52
Q

This non-pathogenic species has five anterior flagella and a posterior flagellum projecting from an undulating membrane.

A

Trichomonas hominis

53
Q

How many flagella does Trichomonas hominis have …

A

5 flagella

54
Q

The cytostome and the nucleus of Trichomonas hominis are situated at the …

A

Anterior end

55
Q

A non-pathogenic species that has pear-shaped trophozoite

A

Chilomastix mesnili

56
Q

What is the shape of the trophozoite of Chilomastix mesnili

A

Pear-shaped

57
Q

What is the motility movement of Chilomastix mesnili

A

Jerky movement

58
Q

This non-pathogenic species has jerky movement

A

Chilomastix mesnili

59
Q

How many flagella does Chilomastix mesnili have …

A

3 anterior flagella and 1 within the cytosome

60
Q

What is the cyst’s shape of Chilomastix mesnili

A

Lemon to oval-shaped

61
Q

Its cysts resemble nipple-like cyst

A

Chilomastix mesnili

62
Q

What is the extra-intestinal pathogenic specie?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

63
Q

Common associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Persistent vaginitis, persistent urethritis, pingpong disease, infant Trichomonas vaginalis infection

64
Q

Where does Trichomonas vaginalis reside

65
Q

Men are generally …

A

Asymptomatic carriers

66
Q

What is the infective stage of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trophozoite

67
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite infect the

A

Epithelial and mucosal lining of the vagina

68
Q

A pathogenic extraintestinal specie that does not have cyst stage

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

69
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis have …

A

Single prominent nucleus

70
Q

How many flagella does Trichomonas vaginalis have

A

3-5 flagella

71
Q

What is Trichomonas vaginalis inclusion body contains

A

Siderophil granules

72
Q

What is the motility of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Rapid jerky motility

73
Q

The MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Sexual intercourse

74
Q

The trophozoite of Trichomonas vaginalis multiply via

A

Binary fission

75
Q

Characterized by a foul-smelling, greenish-yellow liquid vaginal discharge

A

Pingpong’s disease

76
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites migrating from an
infected mother to the infant through the birth canal and/ or during vaginal delivery.

A

Infant infections

77
Q

The clinical manifestation of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Pingpong’s disease
Infant infection

78
Q

Respiratory infection and conjunctivitis.

A

Infant infection

79
Q

Diagnosis for Trichomonas vaginalis infection

A

Saline preparation

80
Q

what is the accepted gold standard culture for Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Diamond’s modified medium

81
Q

What is the specimen for laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Urine, vaginal swab/discharge (women), prostatic secretion (male)

82
Q

Treatment for Pingpong’s disease

A

Metronidazole

83
Q

Prevention for Pingpong’s disease

A

Avoidance of unprotected sex

84
Q

A non-pathogenic extra-intestinal specie

A

Trichomonas tenax

85
Q

Hemoflagellates inhabit the …

A

Blood and tissues of human

86
Q

MOT of Hemoflagellates

A

Arthropod bites

87
Q

Fours stage of development of Hemoflagellates

A

Amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote

88
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi’s condition names

A

American trypanosomiasis and Chagas’ disease

89
Q

What are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Kissing bugs, Assasin bugs, Triatoma rubrofasciata

90
Q

Habitat of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

RES, cardiac muscle, and CNS

91
Q

It is mostly found in South America

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

92
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi is mostly found in

A

South America

93
Q

Development of an erythematous nodule, known as a chagoma, at the site of infection.

A

Acute Chagas disease

94
Q

An erythematous nodule, is also known as a

95
Q

(Unilateral swelling of eye lids) is present in patients who contract Trypanosoma cruzi through the ocular mucosa.

A

Romaña’s sign

96
Q

Destruction of multiple tissues results in patients who present with myocarditis, enlargement of the colon and
esophagus, cardiomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly.

CNS involvement

Death

A

Chronic Chagas disease

97
Q

The definitive diagnosis method for Chagas disease

A

Thick and Thin blood smear using Giemsa stain

98
Q

Treatment of choice of Trypanosoma cruzi infection

A

Nifurtimox

99
Q

Agent of African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei

100
Q

East African agent

A

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

101
Q

West African agent

A

Trypanosoma gambiense

102
Q

Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by

A

Glossina (tsetse flies)

103
Q

A virulent form of trypanosomiasis transmitted by Glossina

A

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

104
Q

Development of a painful chancre (ulcer), surrounded by a white halo at the bite site.

A

West African (Gambian) Sleeping Sickness

105
Q

(enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes)

A

Winterbottom’s sign

106
Q

(a delayed sensation to pain)

A

Kerandel’s sign

107
Q

Fever, myalgia, and rigors.

Death caused by subsequent kidney damage
(glomerulonephritis) and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), usually occurs within 9 to 12 months in untreated patients.

A

East African (Rhodesian) Sleeping Sickness

108
Q

Specimen of choice of Trypanosoma brucei infection

A

Febrile stage: blood, lymph node aspirate
Sleeping sickness stage: CSF

109
Q

Trypanosoma brucei infection diagnosis

A

.Thick and thin blood films can be stained with Giemsa

110
Q

Medication for Trypanosoma brucei infection

A

melarsoprol, suramin, pentamidine, and eflornithine

111
Q

Leishmania spp. are transmitted by the intermediate host the

A

sandfly (Phlebotomus spp.)

112
Q

L. tropica

A

Old World leishmaniasis

113
Q

L. mexicana

A

New World leishmaniasis

114
Q

L. braziliensis

A

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis or espundia

115
Q

L. donovani

116
Q

Diagnosis for Leishmania spp infection

A

microscopic demonstration of
Leishmania from lesion and tissue scrapings, aspirates, or biopsy.

117
Q

Culture for Leishmania spp.

A

Schneider’s medium

PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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