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An Sc 311 Midterm 2 > Lecture 9 - Energetics > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis? Where does it occur

A

First step to breaking down glucose
Cytosol

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2
Q

Glycolysis forms… (net)

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

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3
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis use? Produce?

A

Uses 2, produces 4

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4
Q

End product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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5
Q

Citric acid cycle aka… Where does it occur?

A

Krebs/TCA
In the mitochondria

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6
Q

What does the CAC produce per 1 pyruvate

A

1 ATP or GTP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

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7
Q

Pyruvate becomes what to enter the CAC? What happens in this reaction

A

Acetyl CoA
An NADH and CO2 are released

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8
Q

Where do the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur? Their roles?

A

In the membrane of mitochondria
Create electron gradient that can be used to generate ATP through ox phos

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9
Q

Each NADH that enters the ETC provides how many ATP? FADH2?

A

1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

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10
Q

How many NADH and FADH2 are produced through glycolysis and the CAC? Equal to how much ATP?

A

10 NADH per glucose
2 FADH2 per glucose
= 34 ATP

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11
Q

Slide 7*

A

confused. 42 or 38 ATP??

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12
Q

How much ATP is generated when one acetate enters the CAC

A

Generate 12, but -2 when acetate is converted to acetyl-CoA so = 10

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13
Q

How do you make acetyl CoA

A

Acetate + Coenzyme A requires 2 ATP

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14
Q

Conversion of propionate so it can enter the CAC? Requires? Produces?

A

Can be converted to phosphoenolpyruvate
Requires 3 ATP, 1 GTP
Produces 1 GTP, 1 FADH 2, 1 NADH

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15
Q

How does phosphoenolpyruvate enter the CAC

A

Converted to pyruvate (produces 1 ATP)

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16
Q

The oxidation of propionate generates how many ATP? Net?

A

22 ATP
but 4 required
= 18 ATP/propionate

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17
Q

How does fatty acid metabolism generate ATP

A

Beta-oxidation of C-C

18
Q

Beta-oxidation of palmitate to 8 acetyl CoA generates how much ATP? These acetyl CoA enter the CAC to generate how many?

A

35 ATP
96 ATP from CAC

19
Q

How much ATP is generated by beta-oxidation of palmitate (16C)? Net?

A

131 ATP
but 2 ATP required
= 129 ATP/palmitate

20
Q

How are non-esterified fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue

A

Hormone-sensitize lipase stimulates their release
Bound to albumin, circulates in blood
Taken up by liver

21
Q

What happens to NEFAs in the liver

A

Re-esterified and stored as triglycerides
Incorporated into lipoprotein (VLDL)
Beta-oxidation to make acetyl CoA

22
Q

Two methods of beta-oxidation of NEFAs in the liver

A

Complete oxidation (used as an E source)
Incomplete oxidation (pre-digestion of fatty acids): synthesize ketone bodies (B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone)

23
Q

Characteristics of ketone bodies

A

Water soluble
Decrease lipolysis rate
Normal fuel in muscles

24
Q

In order to utilize ketone bodies (acetoacetate) by making them into acetyl CoA, what needs to occur

A

They cannot be in the liver, need to go to other tissues

25
Q

Conversion of acetoacetate to acetyl CoA

A

Acetoacetate -> acetoacetyl CoA -> 2 Acetyl CoA

26
Q

Slides 19, 20

A

Utilization of ketone bodies

27
Q

What is ketosis

A

Negative energy balance generated in a post absorptive state, particularly starvation from mobilized fatty acids
Mobilized f.a. go to liver, undergo incomplete b-oxidation into ketones, circulate in body
Liver has limited capacity to oxidize f.a.

28
Q

What else can enter the kreb’s cycle?

A

Amino acids, enter into different parts of the cycle based on their structure

29
Q

Glucogenic vs ketogenic aa

A

Glucogenic enter kreb’s cycle to make ATP
Ketogenic enter the process of generating ketones, become Acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA

30
Q

What are bomb calorimeters used for

A

Know how much energy we get out of a diet

31
Q

What is metabolizable energy

A

Digestible energy - energy in urine and gas

32
Q

What is digestible energy

A

Gross energy - energy in feces

33
Q

Slide 26

34
Q

What is direct calorimetry

A

Direct measurement of heat: feed energy - fecal energy - urinary energy

35
Q

What is indirect calorimetry?

A

Based on biochemical principles and known combustion values (e.g. glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O at a different proportion than fat)

36
Q

Measurements of indirect calorimetry

A

CO2 produced
O2 consumed
Respiratory quotient (RQ = CO2/O2)
Urinary N (protein oxidation)

37
Q

Reaction of glucose to gasses when completely combusted

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 672 Kcal

38
Q

RQ of glucose completely combusted

A

6CO2 produced / 6O2 consumed = 1

39
Q

How much energy per L of O2 consumed if only glucose is oxidized in the body

A

5.0 Kcal/L

40
Q

Slides 28-> 32

An Sc 311 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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