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An Sc 311 Midterm 2 > Lecture 11 - Ruminant Protein and Lipids > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Ruminant Protein and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What breaks down protein in ruminants? Into what? Which is utilized for…

A

Microbial fermentation
Ammonia
Uses for microbial protein synthesis

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2
Q

The primary source of amino acids absorbed in the small intestine of ruminants is…

A

Microbial protein (60-70%)

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3
Q

Slide 4

A

Urea recycling

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4
Q

What are two pros of ruminant protein digestion

A
  1. Urea recycling provides rumen bacteria with N even during starvation
  2. Ruminant animals can convert low quality protein (N) to high quality protein (microbial)
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5
Q

Characteristics of high quality protein

A

Essential a.a. present
Highly digestible

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6
Q

Slide 9

A

Know flow of protein

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7
Q

Cons of ruminant protein digestion

A
  1. When not enough CHO available, microbes rely on aa for energy, leads to lots of protein degradation to ammonia
  2. Efficiency of N utilization is lower compared to non-ruminant animals (not very efficient protein digestion)
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8
Q

What factors affect microbial protein synthesis

A
  1. Ruminally degradable N (how much protein is in diet)
  2. Energy from CHO fermentation
  3. Quality of ruminally degradable N
  4. Passage rate of digesta
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9
Q

How does passage rate affect microbial protein synthesis

A

Microbial turnover in the rumen and predation by protozoa can result in excessive loss of microbial protein before it reaches the small intestine

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10
Q

What factors affect rate of passage

A
  1. Feed intake
  2. Particle size (smaller retained in rumen for less time = less protein breakdown)
  3. Digestibility of fiber
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11
Q

Ammonia toxicity is induced by

A

Excess urea or protein in the diet (from particularly high protein forage)

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12
Q

What deaminates urea to ammonia

A

Ruminal urease

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13
Q

How does microbial VFA production affect ammonia use

A

Insufficient microbial VFA production = ammonia not used up for microbial protein production

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14
Q

Slide 15

A

Idk

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15
Q

Why are fatty acids the most important lipid fraction

A

High energy
Some are essential
Impact rumen

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16
Q

Majority of f.a. are bound to… e.g.

A

Glycerol
e.g. triglyceride

17
Q

What happens to triglycerides in the rumen

A

Degraded to free f.a. and glycerol (microbial lipase)
Glycerol ferments in rumen to VFA

18
Q

What happens to f.a. in the rumen

A

Not degraded by ruminal microbial organisms
Extensively biohydrogenated in the rumen (saturated)
Phospholipids utilized as bacterial cell membrane

19
Q

E.g. of biohydrogenation of f.a. in the rumen

A

Linoleic acid (18:2) -> Stearic acid (18:0)

20
Q

What happens once f.a. are saturated

A

Absorbed in the duodenum

21
Q

Why is biohydrogenation important

A

Unsaturated f.a. are toxic to bacteria
Slide 19**

22
Q

Slide 19, 20

A

Transformation of lipids/f.a. in the rumen

23
Q

Goal of biohydrogenation? Why?

A

Remove double bonds
- they have antimicrobial properties
- if too high = reduced microbial activity

24
Q

Is biohydrogenation a direct process

A

No, intermediates are formed during the process and some of these are absorbed

25
Q

What kind of fat do plants make

A

Unsaturated
Cis isomer
Double bonds separated by two single bonds

26
Q

Describe structure of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

A

Unsaturated
Trans isomer
Double bonds are separated by one single bond

27
Q

Main CLA intermediates formed… What determines which CLA type if produced?

A

Cis-9, trans-11, then trans-10 cis-12
Diet

28
Q

Low ruminal pH leads to formation of what CLA isomer

A

trans-10, cis-12

29
Q

What impact does the trans-10, cis-12 have on the ruminant

A

Results in suppressed milk fat production (inhibits lipogenesis in the mammary)

30
Q

How does rumen lipid metabolism impact human health

A
  • meat and milk higher in saturated fat
  • bioactive metabolites (anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, enhance immune system)
31
Q

How does rumen lipid metabolism impact animal performance

A
  • biohydrogenation reduces supply of essential f.a. (impacts reproduction and immune system)
  • too much f.a. can have antimicrobial effects
  • produces bioactive metabolites (e.g. suppressed milk production by trans-10, cis-12)
32
Q

Best substrate for the synthesis of CLA in the rumen

A

Essential f.a. e.g. C18:2

An Sc 311 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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