Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

An Sc 311 Midterm 2 > Lecture 13 - Lactation Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Lactation Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Some of the components of milk…

A

Water, fat, protein, lactose, ash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Species with high fat in milk? High protein? High lactose? High water?

A

Fat = canines then swine
Protein = canines
Lactose = equine then swine
Water = equine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose

A

Galactose + glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Components of ash

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parts of the teat

A

Teat cistern, streak canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is mammary gland structure species specific?

A

Different locations, number of glands, cisterns, teat canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many glands do cows have? Sheep? Pigs?

A

Cows = 4
Sheep = 2
Pigs = 12-14 <

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the streak canal? Role?

A

Teat opening
Muscular sphincter

Keep milk in, bacteria out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The cow udder is divided into…

A

Quarters (four glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many teat cisterns/streak canals in cows? Horse?

A

Cows = 4
Horses = 4 (two per half)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many streak canals/teat cisterns per teat in dogs

A

Many, 5?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extra, nonfunctional teats aka

A

supernumerary teats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is good teat conformation

A

Moderate size
Central in each quarter
Tight sphincter
Rear teats usually shorter
Straight down (not out to sides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is teat hypoplasia? Dilated teats

A

Hypoplasia of hindquarters = back teats are small
Hypoplasia of forequarters = front teats are small
Dilated teats = saggy/long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is udder conformation important

A

Udder weight = 3 to 70 kg
~36 kg of milk
Grows until cow is 6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three major supporting structures of the mammary gland

A

Skin (small amount)
Median suspensory ligament
Lateral suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the median suspensory ligament

A

Separates right and left halves of udder
Connects udder to abdominal wall
Elastic tissue which responds to weight of milk in udder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the lateral suspensory ligament

A

Inflexible
Surrounds the outer wall of the udder
Attached to the prepubic and subpubic tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the intermammary groove

A

Were median and lateral suspensory ligaments meet
Left x right halves
Indicates good attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Good lactating vs non-lactating udders

A

Lactating = strongly attached, teat size and shape is good, udder size

Non-lactating = fully collapsed, firm attachment, uniform teats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bad udder abnormalities

A

Attachment failure
Udder size and shape is bad
Teat size, shape and placement is bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the alveolus? Characteristics

A

Functional milk production unit
Bulb shaped
Hollow center
Lined with epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Alveolus epithelial cells secrete…

A

Lipids, protein, lactose, water, minerals/vitamins
(synthesize and secrete milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Six components of the alveoli and duct system

A

Epithelial cells
Lumen
Myoepithelial cells
Basement membrane
Terminal duct
Capillary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Role of the myoepithelial cells in the alveoli/duct system

A

Contact in response to oxytocin for milk ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Role of the capillary system in the alveoli/duct system

A

Supply milk precursors, deliver hormones, support blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Role of the terminal duct and lumen in the alveoli and duct system

A

Lumen = collect milk components and water

Terminal duct = milk transport out of alveoli

28
Q

Alveoli vs lobules vs lobes

A

alveoli < lobules < lobes
Alveoli = secretory ducts
Lobules = lactiferous ducts
Lobes = mammary ducts

29
Q

Role and structure of ducts in the alveoli and duct system

A

Storage and transport

Two layers of epithelium
Myoepithelial cells arranged in longitudinal pattern
-contract for milk flow

30
Q

What is the cricoid fold

A

Separates the gland cistern and the teat cistern

31
Q

How much milk can the gland cistern hold

A

~ 400 mL

32
Q

What separates the teat cistern from the streak canal

A

Folds of tissue called Furstenberg’s rosettes

33
Q

How much milk can the teat cistern hold

A

30-45 mL

34
Q

Mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactogenesis

A

Mammogenesis = tissue growth and development

Lactogenesis = differentiation of alveolar cells into milk-producing and secreting cells

Galactogenesis = maintenance/enhancement of lactation

35
Q

What is isometric growth? when does it occur

A

Mammary tissue growing same as rest of body

Up to 3-4 months, overfeeding

36
Q

Hormones related to mammary growth from birth to puberty

A

Growth hormones
ACTH
Insulin-like growth factors

37
Q

When does allometric growth start

A

Before first estrus

38
Q

Estrogen causes…

A

Branching/elongation of ductal system
Increased vascularity

39
Q

Two types of growth

A

Isometric: mammary tissue grows at same rate as rest of body
Allometric: grows faster than rest of body (45-95% of total growth)

40
Q

What happens at late gestation (>4 months)

A

Alveolar development

41
Q

Hormones involved in conception to parturition

A

Estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone

42
Q

When/how does lactogenesis occur

A

At parturition, progesterone levels fall, prolactin receptors are synthesized, prolactin stimulates synthesis of alpha-lactalbumin initiating milk secretion

43
Q

What is preventing milk secretion in late gestation

A

High progesterone blocks prolactin receptor synthesis

44
Q

Prolactin induces…

A

Lactogenesis

45
Q

Roles of estradiol, cortisol

A

Estradiol = stimulates prolactin secretion from pituitary

Cortisol = Growth of RER and golgi apparatus

46
Q

Role of progesterone

A

Mammary development, lactogenesis inhibition

47
Q

Slide 45, 46

A

Mammary tissue development
Lactation curve

48
Q

How does the milk ejection reflex occur (oxytoxin, prolactin)

A

Oxytocin and prolactin released from pituitary following stimulation of skin on teats

49
Q

Stimulatory effects of oxytocin on udder

A

Increases pressure in alveolar lumen
Reduces resistance in small excretory ducts
Reduces resistance in teat canal

50
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibit milk let down

A
  • reduces secretion of oxytocin
  • inhibits response of myoepithelial cells to oxytocin
  • elicits contract of smooth muscle cells in sphincter at tip of teat
  • reduces blood flow to udder
51
Q

How can we physically control milk secretion

A
  • removal rate (stops if not removed >35h)
  • gland storage capcity (larger udder = more alveolar tissue = more milk)
  • intramammary pressure (full = stop producing)
52
Q

How can we chemically control milk secretion

A

Feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL) slows milk secretion (produced when pressure in alveoli)

53
Q

What happens after milking

A

Prolactin released
Decrease in intramammary pressure
FIL is removed from alveoli

54
Q

Slide 50

A

Involution/dry period

55
Q

One gallon of milk requires how much blood to udder

A

400 gallons

56
Q

Slide 54-59

A

Blood circulation to udder

57
Q

Main routes of getting blood to/back from udder

A

Ventral perineal artery and vein
Cranial/caudal mammary artery and vein
Subcutaneous abdominal vein (only bacK)

58
Q

Milk vein aka

A

Subcutaneous abdominal vein

59
Q

Route blood takes to/from udder

A

Heart <-> caudal vena cava/aorta (leaving heart) <-> iliac veins/arteries <-> external pudic vein/artery <-> mammary veins/arteries

60
Q

Lymph carries…

A

Glucose, salts, fat, fibrinogen

61
Q

How is movement of lymph passive

A

Muscle movement, breathing, heart beat, tissue massage all moves lymph

62
Q

Roles of the lymph system

A
  • regulate proper fluid balance within udder
  • immune function (lymphocytes)
  • drains fluid from tissue away from udder
63
Q

Route that lymph takes

A

From udder to thoracic duct, empties into blood system

64
Q

Why does fluid drained from lymph tissue only travel away from the udder

A
  • blood capillary pressure
  • contraction of muscles around lymph vessels
  • valves that prevent backflow
65
Q

Lymphatic vs circulatory systems

A

Lymph = low pressure, passive system
Circ = high pressure, active system

66
Q

What happens if lymph is impaired? Why would this happen

A

Pooling of interstitial fluid (edema?)
E.g. tissue trauma

67
Q

Ways of preventing edema

A
  • preparturient milking (store colostrum)
  • frequent milking to reduce pressure
  • diuretics
  • mammary massage, icing

An Sc 311 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions