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An Sc 311 Midterm 2 > Lecture 13 - Lactation Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Lactation Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Some of the components of milk…

A

Water, fat, protein, lactose, ash

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2
Q

Species with high fat in milk? High protein? High lactose? High water?

A

Fat = canines then swine
Protein = canines
Lactose = equine then swine
Water = equine

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3
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose

A

Galactose + glucose

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4
Q

Components of ash

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Phosphorus

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5
Q

Parts of the teat

A

Teat cistern, streak canal

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6
Q

How is mammary gland structure species specific?

A

Different locations, number of glands, cisterns, teat canals

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7
Q

How many glands do cows have? Sheep? Pigs?

A

Cows = 4
Sheep = 2
Pigs = 12-14 <

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8
Q

What is the streak canal? Role?

A

Teat opening
Muscular sphincter

Keep milk in, bacteria out

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9
Q

The cow udder is divided into…

A

Quarters (four glands)

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10
Q

How many teat cisterns/streak canals in cows? Horse?

A

Cows = 4
Horses = 4 (two per half)

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11
Q

How many streak canals/teat cisterns per teat in dogs

A

Many, 5?

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12
Q

Extra, nonfunctional teats aka

A

supernumerary teats

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13
Q

What is good teat conformation

A

Moderate size
Central in each quarter
Tight sphincter
Rear teats usually shorter
Straight down (not out to sides)

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14
Q

What is teat hypoplasia? Dilated teats

A

Hypoplasia of hindquarters = back teats are small
Hypoplasia of forequarters = front teats are small
Dilated teats = saggy/long

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15
Q

Why is udder conformation important

A

Udder weight = 3 to 70 kg
~36 kg of milk
Grows until cow is 6 years

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16
Q

Three major supporting structures of the mammary gland

A

Skin (small amount)
Median suspensory ligament
Lateral suspensory ligament

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17
Q

What is the median suspensory ligament

A

Separates right and left halves of udder
Connects udder to abdominal wall
Elastic tissue which responds to weight of milk in udder

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18
Q

What is the lateral suspensory ligament

A

Inflexible
Surrounds the outer wall of the udder
Attached to the prepubic and subpubic tendons

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19
Q

What is the intermammary groove

A

Were median and lateral suspensory ligaments meet
Left x right halves
Indicates good attachment

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20
Q

Good lactating vs non-lactating udders

A

Lactating = strongly attached, teat size and shape is good, udder size

Non-lactating = fully collapsed, firm attachment, uniform teats

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21
Q

Bad udder abnormalities

A

Attachment failure
Udder size and shape is bad
Teat size, shape and placement is bad

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22
Q

What is the alveolus? Characteristics

A

Functional milk production unit
Bulb shaped
Hollow center
Lined with epithelial cells

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23
Q

Alveolus epithelial cells secrete…

A

Lipids, protein, lactose, water, minerals/vitamins
(synthesize and secrete milk)

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24
Q

Six components of the alveoli and duct system

A

Epithelial cells
Lumen
Myoepithelial cells
Basement membrane
Terminal duct
Capillary system

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25
Role of the myoepithelial cells in the alveoli/duct system
Contact in response to oxytocin for milk ejection
26
Role of the capillary system in the alveoli/duct system
Supply milk precursors, deliver hormones, support blood supply
27
Role of the terminal duct and lumen in the alveoli and duct system
Lumen = collect milk components and water Terminal duct = milk transport out of alveoli
28
Alveoli vs lobules vs lobes
alveoli < lobules < lobes Alveoli = secretory ducts Lobules = lactiferous ducts Lobes = mammary ducts
29
Role and structure of ducts in the alveoli and duct system
Storage and transport Two layers of epithelium Myoepithelial cells arranged in longitudinal pattern -contract for milk flow
30
What is the cricoid fold
Separates the gland cistern and the teat cistern
31
How much milk can the gland cistern hold
~ 400 mL
32
What separates the teat cistern from the streak canal
Folds of tissue called Furstenberg's rosettes
33
How much milk can the teat cistern hold
30-45 mL
34
Mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactogenesis
Mammogenesis = tissue growth and development Lactogenesis = differentiation of alveolar cells into milk-producing and secreting cells Galactogenesis = maintenance/enhancement of lactation
35
What is isometric growth? when does it occur
Mammary tissue growing same as rest of body Up to 3-4 months, overfeeding
36
Hormones related to mammary growth from birth to puberty
Growth hormones ACTH Insulin-like growth factors
37
When does allometric growth start
Before first estrus
38
Estrogen causes...
Branching/elongation of ductal system Increased vascularity
39
Two types of growth
Isometric: mammary tissue grows at same rate as rest of body Allometric: grows faster than rest of body (45-95% of total growth)
40
What happens at late gestation (>4 months)
Alveolar development
41
Hormones involved in conception to parturition
Estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone
42
When/how does lactogenesis occur
At parturition, progesterone levels fall, prolactin receptors are synthesized, prolactin stimulates synthesis of alpha-lactalbumin initiating milk secretion
43
What is preventing milk secretion in late gestation
High progesterone blocks prolactin receptor synthesis
44
Prolactin induces...
Lactogenesis
45
Roles of estradiol, cortisol
Estradiol = stimulates prolactin secretion from pituitary Cortisol = Growth of RER and golgi apparatus
46
Role of progesterone
Mammary development, lactogenesis inhibition
47
Slide 45, 46
Mammary tissue development Lactation curve
48
How does the milk ejection reflex occur (oxytoxin, prolactin)
Oxytocin and prolactin released from pituitary following stimulation of skin on teats
49
Stimulatory effects of oxytocin on udder
Increases pressure in alveolar lumen Reduces resistance in small excretory ducts Reduces resistance in teat canal
50
How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibit milk let down
- reduces secretion of oxytocin - inhibits response of myoepithelial cells to oxytocin - elicits contract of smooth muscle cells in sphincter at tip of teat - reduces blood flow to udder
51
How can we physically control milk secretion
- removal rate (stops if not removed >35h) - gland storage capcity (larger udder = more alveolar tissue = more milk) - intramammary pressure (full = stop producing)
52
How can we chemically control milk secretion
Feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL) slows milk secretion (produced when pressure in alveoli)
53
What happens after milking
Prolactin released Decrease in intramammary pressure FIL is removed from alveoli
54
Slide 50
Involution/dry period
55
One gallon of milk requires how much blood to udder
400 gallons
56
Slide 54-59
Blood circulation to udder
57
Main routes of getting blood to/back from udder
Ventral perineal artery and vein Cranial/caudal mammary artery and vein Subcutaneous abdominal vein (only bacK)
58
Milk vein aka
Subcutaneous abdominal vein
59
Route blood takes to/from udder
Heart <-> caudal vena cava/aorta (leaving heart) <-> iliac veins/arteries <-> external pudic vein/artery <-> mammary veins/arteries
60
Lymph carries...
Glucose, salts, fat, fibrinogen
61
How is movement of lymph passive
Muscle movement, breathing, heart beat, tissue massage all moves lymph
62
Roles of the lymph system
- regulate proper fluid balance within udder - immune function (lymphocytes) - drains fluid from tissue away from udder
63
Route that lymph takes
From udder to thoracic duct, empties into blood system
64
Why does fluid drained from lymph tissue only travel away from the udder
- blood capillary pressure - contraction of muscles around lymph vessels - valves that prevent backflow
65
Lymphatic vs circulatory systems
Lymph = low pressure, passive system Circ = high pressure, active system
66
What happens if lymph is impaired? Why would this happen
Pooling of interstitial fluid (edema?) E.g. tissue trauma
67
Ways of preventing edema
- preparturient milking (store colostrum) - frequent milking to reduce pressure - diuretics - mammary massage, icing

An Sc 311 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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