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GES > Lecture 9 Coastal vegetation > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Coastal vegetation Flashcards

1
Q

Coastal Vegetation

A

Vegetation that grows on land at the edge of the sea

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2
Q

Mangrove forest

A

effective wind breaker tsunami breaker refuge because of branching and roots.

Mangrove swamps are also very good carbon sequentials. roots trapping particles, slowing currents. Higher tide - more organisms coming in

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3
Q

Sandy beach vegetation

Rocky Shore / cliff vegetation

A

all coastal vegetation

including mangrove forest

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4
Q

mangrove forest is one of the most

A

dangerous habitats

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5
Q

Anopheles epiroticus and Anopheles sinensis

A

• Anopheles epiroticus and Anopheles sinensis
• light brown, with pale and dark scales on their
legs, probosces and wings
• Breeding habitats are sunlit brackish pools
• Bite at night
• Vector of Malaria (not endemic in Singapore)

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6
Q

Culex quinquefasciatus

A 
Culex quinquefasciatus is a
golden-brown mosquito with a
dark proboscis
• Breeding habitats are septic tanks
and blocked drains
• Bites during the night
• Vector of filariasis (not endemic
to Singapore)
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7
Q

Mangrove forest = mangal =

A

Tropical or subtropical, intertidal
saltwater community dominated by tree and shrub species, especially
such as bakau (Rhizophora species)
subtropical slightly above

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8
Q

Community

A

= The interacting populations of species (single-species

groupings) of all the animal and plant species at a specific area

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9
Q

Status of Singapore’s Mangrove Forests 1

A

Coasts in primeval Singapore
– Mostly fringed by mangrove forest (13% of Singapore Island; 7,500 ha)
– Beaches with beach vegetation
– Cliffs and rocky headlands and their vegetation
– Mouths of slugg

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10
Q

Status of Singapore’s Mangrove Forests 2

A

Present-day mangrove forest
– Only about 659 ha presently (see: Yee, A.T.K., W.F. Ang, S. Teo, S.C. Liew and H.T.W.
Tan., 2010. The present extent of mangrove forests in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3:
139–145. http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2010/2010nis139-145.pdf)
– Isolated patches and narrow strip

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11
Q

Room for optimism

A

Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve set up in 1989 (131.4
ha) = Nature Reserve (new extension totals 202 ha)
– Mangrove patch in Pasir Ris Park (20 ha of mangrove
forest) = Park
Malaysians not building ‘crooked bridge’ to replace causeway so
no water currents to wash away sediments of mangrove forest
patches protruding into Straits of Johore
– Public awareness of value of mangrove forest

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12
Q

Mangrove Forest Environment 1

Mangrove forest zone

A

• Intertidal zone = Between the high-tide to low-tide levels of the
shore
• Mangrove forest zone = Between the high-tide to the mid-tide
levels on sheltered, muddy shores or rivermouths where there is
fine sediment deposits

what will happen to mangrove forest if sea level rises through climate change?

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13
Q

Mangrove Salinity

Substrate

Wave action

Rainfall, humidity, Insolation, temp.

A

Salinity varies with time of day, depending on
the tides (from 35‰ to less) ― seawater is
physiologically dry
• Substrate is anaerobic, unstable
• Wave action and strong winds during storms
• Rainfall, humidity, insolation, temperatures,
etc., like other tropical forest types

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14
Q

Mangrove plant adaptations

A
  • To cope with high salinity
  • To cope with unstable substrate
  • To cope with anaerobic substrate
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15
Q

Salt secretion

Salt Ultrafiltration

A 
• Salt secretion
– Uptake salt
– Pump out
through glands
– api api, sea
holly
• Salt
ultrafiltration
– Exclude salt at
point of uptake
– bakau,
Bruguiera,
Lumnitzera,
perepat
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16
Q

Adaptation for unstable substrate

A 
• Modified
roots
– Prop or
stilt roots
• bakau
– Plank root
• nyireh,
dungun
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17
Q

Hypogeal germination

Epigeal germination

A

cotyledon remains underground

hypocotyl brings seed leaves above ground.
this is called epigeal

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18
Q

Adaptation for unstable substrate 2

A 
1. Vivipary
• bakau family
members
2. Cryptovivipary
• api api,
kacangkacang, nipah
palm
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19
Q

Vivipary

A

hypocotyl is growing out from food of tree while it is still attached to the tree

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20
Q

Crytovivipary

A

crypto - cryptic = hidden. germinating while still in fruit but hiddent

means when fruit drops down it’ll grow very fast

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21
Q

Xylo Carpus (Nyireh)

A

Xylo : wood

Carpus : fruits

22
Q

adaptations for anaerobic substrate

A 
• Breathing roots
– Pencil/cone roots
• api api, perepat
– Kneed roots
• Bruguiera
species, tengar
– Plank roots
• nyireh, dungun
– Prop or stilt
roots
• bakau
23
Q

piai raya

A

minor component

24
Q

Seashore pandanus

A

associate

pandan cake also from pandanus but not same.
associate. bc same genus can be found outside mangrove

25
Q

Bruguiera hainesii
• rare in Singapore, with only a few known
specimens; one at Pasir Ris, one at Kranji
Nature Trail and two at Pulau Ubin.
• Bruguiera sexangula
• two on Pulau Tekong, and two at Sungei
Buloh and it is being replanted at Chek Jawa,
Pulau Ubin and at Pasir Ris Park.

A

For chloroplast DNA markers, the two
haplotypes found in B. hainesii were shared
only by B. cylindrica. These results suggested
that B. hainesii is a hybrid between B.
cylindrica as the maternal parent and B.
gymnorhiza as the paternal one

26
Q

Cicada

A

suck plant sap

27
Q

Sandy Beach

A

most enjoyable habitat
Sandy beach = Coast which consists of sands (such as quartz grains),
usually between two rocky headlands

Sandy beaches undergo
– Erosion
– Accretion
– Continual cycle of erosion-accretion, depending on prevailing sea currents

28
Q

Sandy Beach Environmental Conditions

A 
Like reclaimed
land’s conditions,
since reclamation
is at the coastline
• High light
intensity
• High wind speeds
• High maximum
temperatures
• Low relative
humidity
• Salt spray ―
physiological
dryness
29
Q

Beach Vegetation Succession

A

Ecological succession = Process of
continuous, uni-directional change in the
vegetation (Revision)
• 2 stages
– Pes-caprae association (after the seashore
morning glory, Ipomoea pes-caprae)
• Starts on bare ground (on accreting beaches)
• Non-woody (herbaceous) plants (herbs, trailers)
– Barringtonia association (after the sea putat,
Barringtonia asiatica)
• Succeeds pes-caprae association
• Woody plants (shrubs, trees, epiphytes)

CAPRAE - BARE
BARRINGTONIA - TALLER

pes caprae = goat’s foot

30
Q

Sea putat

A

bat pollinated
water dispersed fruit
barringtonia

31
Q

Singapore’s rocky shore/cliff vegetation

A

even rarer through reclamation or development

32
Q

Cliff/rocky shore environmental conditions

A

more extreme than sandy beach

– Hot rocks day and
night
– Little or no soil
– Strong wave action
– Landslides
• High light intensity
• High wind speeds
• High maximum
temperatures
• Low relative humidity
• Salt spray ―
Physiological dryness
33
Q

Cliff or rocky shore plants

A 
• Have to be species that can tolerate these harsh conditions
• Thus a very small subset of Singapore’s flora
• Some examples
1. mentigi
2. superb fig
3. sea purselane
4. pelir musang
5. sea teak

leaves tend to be thick to store water

34
Q

Animals of coastal vegetation

A 
Have to be able to cope with the
harsh conditions, e.g. salinity
• Similar animals in mangrove forest,
sandy beaches and rocky shores or
cliffs
• Dependent on plants for food and
shelter
• Types
– Molluscs
– Crabs
– Mud lobster
– Fishes
– Reptiles
35
Q

Molluscs

A
  1. telescope shell
  2. red berry snail
  3. mangrove slug
  4. mangrove periwinkle
  5. common nerite
36
Q

Crabs

A
  1. face-banded sesarmine
  2. tree-climbing crab
  3. fiddler crab
37
Q

Mud Lobster

A

Makes mud lobster mounds in mangrove forest that changes
the habitat significantly ― a keystone species
• Animals which live in or forage in and round the mud
lobster mounds
– ant
– mound crab
– mud shrimp
– file snake

like earthworms they feed on bacteria

38
Q

Fishes

A

adapted to changing salinity of habitat

Archer fishes
mudskipper

39
Q

Reptiles

A 
Versatile, terrestrial
and aquatic habits
• Examples
– water monitor
– dog-faced water
snake
– estuarine crocodile

NO KOMODO DRAGON

40
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 1

A

• Direct values (products which are consumed by their use;
Singapore’s earlier days)
– Timber
– Fuelwood and charcoal (especially from bakau) BAKAU PILES
– Wood for chipboard
– Tannins and dyes

41
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 2

A 
Direct values (products
which are consumed by
their use; Singapore’s
earlier days)
– Nipah palm products
(attap chee, gula Melaka,
roofing thatch, salt, etc.)
42
Q

Nypa Fruticans

A

fruit

inflorescence

43
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 3

A 
Direct values
(products which are
consumed by their
use; Singapore’s
earlier days)
– Seafood (cockles,
oysters, mussels,
crabs, prawns, fish)
– Commercial honey
– Seaweed
– Live pet food (crabeating frog for
arrowanas)
– Land
44
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 4

Food chain

A 
Indirect values (services which
are not consumed by their
utilization; present day
Singapore)
– Food for marine organisms from
the detritus food chain starting
with the fallen mangrove tree
leaves (food webs more realistic)
– Nurseries for juvenile fish,
prawns, crabs, etc
45
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 5

sewage …

A 
Indirect values (services which
are not consumed by their
utilization; present day
Singapore)
– Natural sewage treatment
– Protection and stabilization of
the coastline (within limits;
tsunamis can wipe out
mangrove forests!)
– Carbon sequestration
– Deforestation also release
Carbon into atmosphere

Mangrove forest can protect
inshore areas even in hurricanes
as seen here in Honduras

46
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 6

services

A 
– Ecotourism (mangrove
forests are interesting;
beaches for swimming or
recreation; cliffs and
rocky shores for their
rugged and wild beauty)
– Education
47
Q

Economic Values of Coastal Vegetation 7

A 
Indirect values
(services which are not
consumed by their
utilization; present day
Singapore)
– Potential sources for
industrial chemicals,
pharmaceuticals and
other products and their
corresponding genes for
producing such
– Ornamental plants for
use on roadsides, parks
and gardens

Yellow flame (very similar to roadside condition)
pong pong
sea almond

Factor C extracted from the blood of the
horseshoe crab which binds to bacterial
endotoxins; blue blood - ability to bind toxins. gene isolated to
manufacture this at DBS, NUS

48
Q

The future

A 
• Natural coastal habitats
are now very rare in
Singapore so must be
well protected
• Propagation and
replanting of coastal plant
species
• Setting up Labrador
Nature Reserve in 1 Jan
2002
– Good move by government
– Developments (restaurant
inside; spa and hotel just
outside) nearby should be
monitored
• Threat of oil or chemical
spills from shipping
traffic by accidents or
terrorist attack
49
Q

Debris in mangrove

A

Marine debri in mangroves

50
Q

Coastal vegetation occurred on all coastlines in primeval
Singapore and covered about 13% of Singapore Island
• Natural coastal vegetation is now extremely rare
• Coastal vegetation is quite complex and diverse with
almost no exotic species, so conservation value is the
second highest of all habitats after primary forest (ties for
second with secondary vegetation)
• Coastal vegetation provides numerous economic products
and services to Singapore and the rest of the world
• If undisturbed, coastal vegetation should persist but
development, pollution and global warming are real
threats

A

b

GES (7 decks)

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