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GES > Lecture 4 - Primary Vegetation > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Primary Vegetation Flashcards

1
Q

Forest

A

Large area covered by trees

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2
Q

Trees

A

Large woody plant with single main stem or trunk

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3
Q

Primary forest

A

Forest in the state of primary vegetation

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4
Q

Habitat

A

The locality, site and particular type of local environment occupied by an organism

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5
Q

Habitat components

A

Abiotic and biotic

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6
Q

Abiotic

A

Latitude climate altitude soil disturbance

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7
Q

Biotic

A

Itself, other members of its species, other species

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8
Q

Habitats in Singapore

A

Primary secondary coastal all terrestrial

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9
Q

Vegetation

A

All the plant life in a particular area

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10
Q

Primary vegetation

A

Vegetation in which continuity with the primeval vegetation has never been broken by clearance (if we dk history based on what we find there (species) associated, we’d think they are primary vegetation

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11
Q

Synusiae (Like many different jobs in a city)

Main types?

A

Because of high species diversity and many micro habitats in primary forest, many life forms have evolved in tropical rain forests
Synusiae - synusia
Plant life forms with similar ecological requirements
Main types - autotrophic and heterotrophic

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12
Q

Autotrophic plants

A 
Mechanically independent (erect plants)
Mechanically dependent (leaning or climbing or into
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13
Q

Mechanically independent (erect) plants

A

Woody (single trunked) tree (large) treelet (small)
Multiple - trunked (shrub)
Non woody - herb

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14
Q

Mechanically dependent plants

A

Growing in water (hydrophyte)
Growing in air (leaning or climbing, epiphyte- another’s stems or branches, hemi-epiphyte, epiphyll, hemiparasite)

Hemiparasite - growing into stem of another plant to extract water and mineral nutrients from plant

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15
Q

Hydrophyte

A

Growing in water

Supported by water so very little support tissues and cannot stand erect outside water

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16
Q

Climber or trailer

A

Weak stems, non erect
Non woody or woody
With support, grows on it (climber)
Without support, grows on ground (creeper trailer)

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17
Q

Epiphyll

A

Plant which grows on the leaf of another plant
Usually missed or liverworts, algae too
In very wet habitats
Harms the support leaf by blocking off sunlight so reduces photosynthesis

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18
Q

Hemi parasite

A

Half, hence half parasite
Green chlorophyll, has chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Takes water and mineral nutrients from host plant (also some sugars)

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19
Q

Host tree Cinnamon

A

Hemi parasite mistle toe

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20
Q

Hemi epiphyte

A

First grows as epiphyte then sends roots down to the ground
Stranglers have roots that strangle host’s trunk
- kills host to take over its space in community
- locally only fig do this

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21
Q

Heterotrophic plants

A

Saprophyte - Grow by obtaining nutrition from organic rotting matter
Parasite - grow by obtaining all nutrition and water from other plants

22
Q

Saprophyte

A 
Achlorophyllous plant 
Nutrition obtained from rotting matter 
Association with a fungus 
Thismia aserio now prolly extinct in Singapore 
Also called myco heterotroph

Heterotroph = obtain nutrition from other

23
Q

Parasite

A

Achlorophyllous plant
Nutrition obtained from other plants - rafflesia arnoldii (largest flower in the world)

Tetrastigma

24
Q

Canopy stratification

A 
Canopy = forest from ground up
Strata = layers
25
Q

Primary dryland forest strata

A

5 because of high diversity, complexity of structure and great height of canopy

26
Q

Secondary forest strata

A

1-2

27
Q

Temperate forest strata

A

1-2 layers

28
Q

Stratum A

A

Emergent trees

29
Q

Stratum B

A

Main canopy trees

30
Q

Stratum C

A

Sub canopy trees

31
Q

Stratum D

A

Treelet or shrub layer

32
Q

Stratum E

A

Forest floor herbs and seedlings

33
Q

Forest growth cycle

A

dying trees create holes in canopy

Replenishment and repair of canopy by new growth of younger trees and seedling

34
Q

Forest growth cycle phases

A

GAP
Building (smaller trees can quickly grow)
Mature
Degenerate

35
Q

Primary forest types in Singapore

A

Dryland forest

Freshwater swamp

36
Q

Dryland forest

A

Forest that grows on ground that is not wet most of the year

Tropical rain forest
Now only 192 ha

37
Q

Singapore’s primary dryland forest

A

Bukit Timah nature reserve

Central catchment nature reserve (80%)

38
Q

These two reserves mostly

A

Tall secondary forest and some adinandra belukar

39
Q

BTNR

A

38.3 ha primary forest
162.6442 ha
2000 plant species

40
Q

CCNR

A

Reservoirs not natural

153.6 ha primary forest

41
Q

Dipterocarp forest

A 
Di = Two 
Tero = wing 
Carp = fruit
42
Q

Primary dryland forests are dominated by ____ family

A

Meranti = dipterocarpaceae
Hence called dipterocarp forest
Compare with pine forest in temperate areas, dominated by pines

Many types : Hill dipterocarp forest (BTNR)
Lowland dipterocarp forest (CCNR)

43
Q

Dryland Primary forest plants

Species composition?

A 
Very high species diversity in plants, animals and microbes 
Dominated by trees
Tree family 
Meranti - dipterocarp 
Bean - fabaceae 
Chinese olive - burseracae
Chiku
Mango
44
Q

Seraya

A

Most common species of hill dipterocarp forest
Common in BTNR
grow in groups on ridge top
synchronised flowering

45
Q

Freshwater swamp forest

A

Forest that grows on ground that is temporarily to semi permanently inundated by acidic mineral rich fresh water with level fluctuations through periodic drying of the soil

Different from Peat swamp forest has has acidic waters

Freshwater : New soon swamp forest

Anything anaerobic will get acid

46
Q

Freshwater swamp forest adaptations

A

Soils waterlogged (less oxygenated) and unstable so trees develop adaptations similar to mangrove plants

Prop and stilt
Knees breathing

47
Q

Swamp forest conservation value

A

Highest diversity of native freshwater organisms found nowhere else

31% of vascular plants
48% freshwater fishes
Entire worlds population of swamp forest crab found here
Other endagered plants and animals only found here

48
Q

Primary forest animals

A

Most large animals now extinct To predator now is the reticulated python

49
Q

Primary forest small mammals

A 
Banded leaf monkey
Cream coloured giant squirrel
Malayan colugo (flying lemur)
Long tailed macaque (Pest) 
Raiding homes, attacking people (herpes B) not fulfil ecological functions as seed dispensers
50
Q

Primary forest

A

Common palm civet

GES (7 decks)

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