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Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 > Lecture #9 Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Lecture #9 Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The inner layer of skin

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2
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

 The boundary between the epididymis in the dermis which produces ridges and tapered projections

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3
Q

What are the two types of tissue in the dermal layer?

A

The papillary layer which is areolar connective tissue and makes up 20%

The reticular layer which is denser irregular connective tissue and makes up 80%

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4
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

Binds epidermidis to underlying tissue

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5
Q

What 5 things does the dermis contain?

A

Muscle fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, and sensory receptors

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6
Q

What are two types of glands?

A

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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7
Q

What are two types of sensory receptors?

A

Lamellated/Pacinian corpuscles that detect pressure

Tactile/Peissner’s corpuscles for light touch

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8
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

The superficial layer of the dermis which is the thinner of the two layers and contains areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

The deep layer of the dermis which is comprised of dense irregular connective tissue and provides strength and resilience

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10
Q

What are the three pigments that provide skin color?

A

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

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11
Q

How many forms of melanin are there?

A

To ranging from a reddish yellow to a brownish black

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12
Q

What causes skin color differences?

A

The amount in the form of melanin produced because all people have relatively the same number of melanocytes

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13
Q

What are freckles/moles?

A

Local accumulations of melanin

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14
Q

What causes a greater melanin production?

A

Sun exposure

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15
Q

Where does carotene accumulate?

A

In the stratum corneum and hypo dermis. It is most obvious in the palms and soles

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16
Q

What color is carotene?

A

Yellowish orange

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17
Q

What color does hemoglobin cause?

A

A pinkish/blue/gray hue of fair skin

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18
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

A blue skin color from low oxygenation of hemoglobin

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19
Q

What is your erythema?

A

A reddish color from fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergies

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20
Q

What is pallor?

A

Blanching/from from anemia, low blood pressure, fear, or anger

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21
Q

What is jaundice?

A

A yellow cast from liver disorder with the buildup of bilirubin

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22
Q

What is bronzing?

A

An unnatural discoloration of the skin from inadequate steroid hormones as an Addison’s disease

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23
Q

What are bruises?

A

Clotted blood beneath the skin

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24
Q

Where do accessory structures of the skin come from?

A

They originate in the epididymis and extend into the hypodermis or dermis

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25
Q

What are the three main accessory structures of skin?

A

Hair follicles, nails, and glands

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26
Q

What is a must for injured/burned dermis to regenerate?

A

Accessory structures to remain intact

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27
Q

What are nails?

A

Protective covering on the ends of fingers or toes

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28
Q

What are the four major parts of nails?

A

Nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and cuticle

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29
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

The layer of skin that is shed from the underside of the proximal nail fold as the nail grows

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30
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

The part of the nail that overlies the nail bed

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31
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

The surface of the skin under the nail plate

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32
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The most active growing region which is a pale, half moon shaped region at the base of the nail plate

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33
Q

What are the two types of hair loss?

A

Androgenic alopecia and alopecia Areta

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34
Q

What is androgenic alopecia?

A

The most common type of baldness when the top of the head lose his hair

Andro-precursors to testosterone

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35
Q

What is alopecia Areta?

A

When the body produces antibodies that attack hair follicles which is auto immune hair loss

Areata-patchy

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36
Q

What are the three parts of hair?

A

Hair bulb, hair root, and hair shaft

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37
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

A tube like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops

Extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer

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38
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

The dividing cells

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39
Q

What is the hair root?

A

The part of the hair that is embedded in the hair follicle

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40
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

Dead epidermal cells

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41
Q

What is hair papilla?

A

A vascular indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle on which the hair bulb fits

42
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

The muscle that stands the hair up and causes goosebumps

43
Q

What are the three types of skin glands?

A

Holocrine, merocrine, and apocrine

44
Q

What is sebum?

A

Fatty material and cellular debris

45
Q

What is a holocrine gland?

A

A gland associated with hair follicles that produces sebum

(Means the gland pours itself out)

46
Q

What is a merocrine gland?

A

The most numerous type of gland that response to elevated body temperature

(Merocrine only two vesicles pour out)

47
Q

What is another name for the merocrine gland?

A

Eccrine gland

48
Q

What is an apocrine gland?

A

Gland in the exhilarate region and groin area that responds to emotion and pain

(Apex means only the top ruptures and pours out)

49
Q

What is another name for sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous glands

50
Q

How do you sweat glands appear in the dermis?

A

As bell shaped coils

51
Q

When do Apocrine glands become activated?

A

During puberty

52
Q

What is a ceruminous gland?

A

A gland that secretes ear wax

53
Q

What is a mammory gland?

A

A gland that secretes milk

54
Q

Where will sebaceous glands typically appear?

A

Near hair

55
Q

Where are sebaceous glands absent?

A

On the palms and soles

56
Q

What are the six functions of the skin?

A

Protective covering, prevents water loss, contains sensory receptors, excretes waste, helps produce vitamin D, and helps regulate body temperature

57
Q

What is the set point of body temperature monitored by?

A

The hypothalamus

58
Q

What is another name for vitamin D?

A

The sun hormone

59
Q

How is vitamin D produced by the sun?

A

 Dehydrocholesterol present in the skin is converted to Cholecalciferol which is vitamin D3

60
Q

How is heat produced in the body?

A

The most actively body cells which include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and liver cells produce heat through cellular metabolism

61
Q

What happens when the body gets too warm?

A

Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels and vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels so he can escape through the skin

62
Q

What is radiation?

A

The primary method of heat loss where infrared heat rays escape

63
Q

What is conduction?

A

When he moves from skin to cooler objects

64
Q

What is convection?

A

When he is lost in to circulating air currents

65
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When sweat changes into a gas carrying heat away

66
Q

What happens when body temperature rises?

A

Thermo receptors signal the hypothalamus, vasodilation of blood vessels, and sweat glands are activated

67
Q

What happens when body temperature falls?

A

Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus, vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels, sweat glands are inactive, muscles contract involuntary/shivering

68
Q

What are afferent receptors?

A

Carry information to the central nervous system/accept information

69
Q

What are efferent receptors?

A

Receptors that carry information away from the central nervous system/use effort to initiate an action

70
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

Abnormally high body temperature

71
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of hyperthermia?

A

Dry skin, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and rapid pulse

72
Q

When is hyperthermia likely to occur?

A

On hot humid days when sweat cannot evaporate and when air temperature is high causing radiation to be less effective

73
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

Abnormally low body temperature

74
Q

What are 4 symptoms of hypothermia?

A

Confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes, and loss of consciousness

75
Q

What happens if hypothermia is not treated?

A

Organs shut down

76
Q

What is a fever?

A

An elevated setpoint by the immune system to fight infection

77
Q

What is the chemical that results in a fever?

A

Phagocytes release pyrogens in response to the presence of bacteria or viruses

78
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A normal response to injury or stress resulting in reddened, swollen, warm, painful skin

79
Q

Are fevers and inflammation good?

A

Yes because they are part of the healing process

80
Q

What are the two types of cuts?

A

Shallow cats in deep cuts

81
Q

What is a shallow cut and how is it healed?

A

A cut that only affects the epidermidis and cells more rapidly divide to fill the gap

82
Q

What is a deep cut?

A

A cut that reaches the dermis or the subcutaneous layer and results in blood vessels breaking

83
Q

What is a clot?

A

Clumps that occur when blood hardens

84
Q

What are the six phases of a deep cut healing?

A

A clot consisting of fibrin in blood cells and platelets forms the scab, epithelial cells reproduce and fill the wound, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to bind the wound together, growth factors stimulate new tissue formation, Phagocytotic cells remove dead cells and debris and the scabs sloughs off, excess collagenous fibers may form an elevated mass called a scar

85
Q

What is another name for a first-degree burn?

A

Superficial partial thickness

86
Q

What is a first-degree burn?

A

In injury to the epidermidis only

87
Q

What are symptoms of a first-degree burn?

A

Redness, heat, and inflammation like a sunburn

88
Q

Healing process of a first-degree burn?

A

Days to weeks with no scarring

89
Q

What is another name for a second-degree burn?

A

Deep partial thickness burn

90
Q

What is a second-degree burn?

A

Destruction of the epidermidis in damage to some of the dermis as in from a hot liquid

91
Q

What are symptoms of a second-degree burn?

A

It may even blister

92
Q

Healing process of a second-degree burn?

A

Stem cells in hair follicles and glands help regenerate the skin causing it to recover with no scarring however if it goes deep enough it will scar

93
Q

What is another name for a third-degree burn?

A

A full thickness burn

94
Q

What is a third-degree burn?

A

Destruction of the epidermidis, dermis, and accessory structures

Can result from prolonged exposure to heat, flames, and hot liquids

95
Q

What is the healing process of a third-degree burn?

A

Usually requires a skin graft

96
Q

What is the rule of nine?

A

Treatment of burn patients by estimating the extent of the injured service by dividing the service into regions of 9% or multiples of nine

97
Q

What are critical levels of burns?

A

25% more of the body has second-degree burns

10% or more of the body has third-degree burns

Face hands or feet bare third-degree burns

98
Q

What are treatment for burns?

A

Debridement, antibiotics, temporary covering, and skin graphs

99
Q

What is debridement?

A

The removal of damaged tissue or foreign objects from a wound

100
Q

What are the 12 lifespan changes that occur with the skin?

A

-Cell cycle slows
-Skin becomes scaly
-Age spots appear
-Epidermis and dermis become thinner
-Wrinkling in sagging of skin
-Sebaceous gland secrete less oil causing dryness
-Melanin production slows/hair whitens
-Hair thins
-Number of hair follicles decreases
-Nail growth becomes impaired
-Sensory receptors decline
-Body temperature regulation becomes less effective
-Loss of fat in subcutaneous layer causes person to feel cold
-Diminished ability to produce vitamin D

101
Q

What does visceral mean?

A

Pertaining to the organs in a body cavity/the inside

Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 (3 decks)

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