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Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 > Lecture #9 Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Lecture #9 Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The inner layer of skin

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2
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

 The boundary between the epididymis in the dermis which produces ridges and tapered projections

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3
Q

What are the two types of tissue in the dermal layer?

A

The papillary layer which is areolar connective tissue and makes up 20%

The reticular layer which is denser irregular connective tissue and makes up 80%

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4
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

Binds epidermidis to underlying tissue

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5
Q

What 5 things does the dermis contain?

A

Muscle fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, and sensory receptors

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6
Q

What are two types of glands?

A

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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7
Q

What are two types of sensory receptors?

A

Lamellated/Pacinian corpuscles that detect pressure

Tactile/Peissner’s corpuscles for light touch

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8
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

The superficial layer of the dermis which is the thinner of the two layers and contains areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

The deep layer of the dermis which is comprised of dense irregular connective tissue and provides strength and resilience

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10
Q

What are the three pigments that provide skin color?

A

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

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11
Q

How many forms of melanin are there?

A

To ranging from a reddish yellow to a brownish black

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12
Q

What causes skin color differences?

A

The amount in the form of melanin produced because all people have relatively the same number of melanocytes

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13
Q

What are freckles/moles?

A

Local accumulations of melanin

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14
Q

What causes a greater melanin production?

A

Sun exposure

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15
Q

Where does carotene accumulate?

A

In the stratum corneum and hypo dermis. It is most obvious in the palms and soles

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16
Q

What color is carotene?

A

Yellowish orange

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17
Q

What color does hemoglobin cause?

A

A pinkish/blue/gray hue of fair skin

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18
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

A blue skin color from low oxygenation of hemoglobin

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19
Q

What is your erythema?

A

A reddish color from fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergies

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20
Q

What is pallor?

A

Blanching/from from anemia, low blood pressure, fear, or anger

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21
Q

What is jaundice?

A

A yellow cast from liver disorder with the buildup of bilirubin

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22
Q

What is bronzing?

A

An unnatural discoloration of the skin from inadequate steroid hormones as an Addison’s disease

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23
Q

What are bruises?

A

Clotted blood beneath the skin

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24
Q

Where do accessory structures of the skin come from?

A

They originate in the epididymis and extend into the hypodermis or dermis

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25
What are the three main accessory structures of skin?
Hair follicles, nails, and glands
26
What is a must for injured/burned dermis to regenerate?
Accessory structures to remain intact
27
What are nails?
Protective covering on the ends of fingers or toes
28
What are the four major parts of nails?
Nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and cuticle
29
What is the cuticle?
The layer of skin that is shed from the underside of the proximal nail fold as the nail grows
30
What is the nail plate?
The part of the nail that overlies the nail bed
31
What is the nail bed?
The surface of the skin under the nail plate
32
What is the lunula?
The most active growing region which is a pale, half moon shaped region at the base of the nail plate
33
What are the two types of hair loss?
Androgenic alopecia and alopecia Areta
34
What is androgenic alopecia?
The most common type of baldness when the top of the head lose his hair Andro-precursors to testosterone
35
What is alopecia Areta?
When the body produces antibodies that attack hair follicles which is auto immune hair loss Areata-patchy
36
What are the three parts of hair?
Hair bulb, hair root, and hair shaft
37
What is a hair follicle?
A tube like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops Extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer
38
What is the hair bulb?
The dividing cells
39
What is the hair root?
The part of the hair that is embedded in the hair follicle
40
What is the hair shaft?
Dead epidermal cells
41
What is hair papilla?
A vascular indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle on which the hair bulb fits
42
What is the arrector pili muscle?
The muscle that stands the hair up and causes goosebumps
43
What are the three types of skin glands?
Holocrine, merocrine, and apocrine
44
What is sebum?
Fatty material and cellular debris
45
What is a holocrine gland?
A gland associated with hair follicles that produces sebum (Means the gland pours itself out)
46
What is a merocrine gland?
The most numerous type of gland that response to elevated body temperature (Merocrine only two vesicles pour out)
47
What is another name for the merocrine gland?
Eccrine gland
48
What is an apocrine gland?
Gland in the exhilarate region and groin area that responds to emotion and pain (Apex means only the top ruptures and pours out)
49
What is another name for sweat glands?
Sudoriferous glands
50
How do you sweat glands appear in the dermis?
As bell shaped coils
51
When do Apocrine glands become activated?
During puberty
52
What is a ceruminous gland?
A gland that secretes ear wax
53
What is a mammory gland?
A gland that secretes milk
54
Where will sebaceous glands typically appear?
Near hair
55
Where are sebaceous glands absent?
On the palms and soles
56
What are the six functions of the skin?
Protective covering, prevents water loss, contains sensory receptors, excretes waste, helps produce vitamin D, and helps regulate body temperature
57
What is the set point of body temperature monitored by?
The hypothalamus
58
What is another name for vitamin D?
The sun hormone
59
How is vitamin D produced by the sun?
 Dehydrocholesterol present in the skin is converted to Cholecalciferol which is vitamin D3
60
How is heat produced in the body?
The most actively body cells which include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and liver cells produce heat through cellular metabolism
61
What happens when the body gets too warm?
Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels and vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels so he can escape through the skin
62
What is radiation?
The primary method of heat loss where infrared heat rays escape
63
What is conduction?
When he moves from skin to cooler objects
64
What is convection?
When he is lost in to circulating air currents
65
What is evaporation?
When sweat changes into a gas carrying heat away
66
What happens when body temperature rises?
Thermo receptors signal the hypothalamus, vasodilation of blood vessels, and sweat glands are activated
67
What happens when body temperature falls?
Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus, vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels, sweat glands are inactive, muscles contract involuntary/shivering
68
What are afferent receptors?
Carry information to the central nervous system/accept information
69
What are efferent receptors?
Receptors that carry information away from the central nervous system/use effort to initiate an action
70
What is hyperthermia?
Abnormally high body temperature
71
What are the 6 symptoms of hyperthermia?
Dry skin, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and rapid pulse
72
When is hyperthermia likely to occur?
On hot humid days when sweat cannot evaporate and when air temperature is high causing radiation to be less effective
73
What is hypothermia?
Abnormally low body temperature
74
What are 4 symptoms of hypothermia?
Confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes, and loss of consciousness
75
What happens if hypothermia is not treated?
Organs shut down
76
What is a fever?
An elevated setpoint by the immune system to fight infection
77
What is the chemical that results in a fever?
Phagocytes release pyrogens in response to the presence of bacteria or viruses
78
What is inflammation?
A normal response to injury or stress resulting in reddened, swollen, warm, painful skin
79
Are fevers and inflammation good?
Yes because they are part of the healing process
80
What are the two types of cuts?
Shallow cats in deep cuts
81
What is a shallow cut and how is it healed?
A cut that only affects the epidermidis and cells more rapidly divide to fill the gap
82
What is a deep cut?
A cut that reaches the dermis or the subcutaneous layer and results in blood vessels breaking
83
What is a clot?
Clumps that occur when blood hardens
84
What are the six phases of a deep cut healing?
A clot consisting of fibrin in blood cells and platelets forms the scab, epithelial cells reproduce and fill the wound, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to bind the wound together, growth factors stimulate new tissue formation, Phagocytotic cells remove dead cells and debris and the scabs sloughs off, excess collagenous fibers may form an elevated mass called a scar
85
What is another name for a first-degree burn?
Superficial partial thickness
86
What is a first-degree burn?
In injury to the epidermidis only
87
What are symptoms of a first-degree burn?
Redness, heat, and inflammation like a sunburn
88
Healing process of a first-degree burn?
Days to weeks with no scarring
89
What is another name for a second-degree burn?
Deep partial thickness burn
90
What is a second-degree burn?
Destruction of the epidermidis in damage to some of the dermis as in from a hot liquid
91
What are symptoms of a second-degree burn?
It may even blister
92
Healing process of a second-degree burn?
Stem cells in hair follicles and glands help regenerate the skin causing it to recover with no scarring however if it goes deep enough it will scar
93
What is another name for a third-degree burn?
A full thickness burn
94
What is a third-degree burn?
Destruction of the epidermidis, dermis, and accessory structures Can result from prolonged exposure to heat, flames, and hot liquids
95
What is the healing process of a third-degree burn?
Usually requires a skin graft
96
What is the rule of nine?
Treatment of burn patients by estimating the extent of the injured service by dividing the service into regions of 9% or multiples of nine
97
What are critical levels of burns?
25% more of the body has second-degree burns 10% or more of the body has third-degree burns Face hands or feet bare third-degree burns
98
What are treatment for burns?
Debridement, antibiotics, temporary covering, and skin graphs
99
What is debridement?
The removal of damaged tissue or foreign objects from a wound
100
What are the 12 lifespan changes that occur with the skin?
-Cell cycle slows -Skin becomes scaly -Age spots appear -Epidermis and dermis become thinner -Wrinkling in sagging of skin -Sebaceous gland secrete less oil causing dryness -Melanin production slows/hair whitens -Hair thins -Number of hair follicles decreases -Nail growth becomes impaired -Sensory receptors decline -Body temperature regulation becomes less effective -Loss of fat in subcutaneous layer causes person to feel cold -Diminished ability to produce vitamin D
101
What does visceral mean?
Pertaining to the organs in a body cavity/the inside

Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 (3 decks)

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