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Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 > Lecture #7 Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Lecture #7 Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

The structural and functional unit of an organism

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that performs a specialized function

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4
Q

What is the biological organization of an organism?

A

Atom – molecule – macromolecule – organelle – cells – tissues – organ – organ system – organism

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5
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

Tight junction, desmosome, and gap junction

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6
Q

Why are cells packed with intercellular junctions?

A

To connect their cell membranes and allow them to interact

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7
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

When membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse such as in the digestive tract

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8
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Rivets/spot welds such as skin cells

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9
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

Junctions interconnected by tubular channels such as heart muscles

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10
Q

What is the function of intracellular junctions?

A

Communication

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11
Q

What are the four major types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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12
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Internal communication

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13
Q

What are three examples of nervous tissue?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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14
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to cause movement

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15
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal which attaches bones, cardiac which is the muscles of the heart, and smooth which is the muscle walls of hollow organs

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16
Q

What are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers, lines, protects, absorbs, secretes, and filters/diffusers

Forms boundaries between different environments

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17
Q

What are the three functions of connective tissue?

A

Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together

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18
Q

What are three examples of connective tissue?

A

Bones, tendons, and fat

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19
Q

What are six characteristics that the different epithelial tissues have in common?

A

A basement membrane which anchors it to the lower surface, sides joined by junctional desmosomes, a minimal matrix with tightly packed cells, avascular, rapidly dividing, and always containing an apical surface

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20
Q

What are the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on shape?

A

Squamous which is flattened irregular scale like cells, cuboidal which is cubed shaped cells, and columnar which is rectangular cells

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21
Q

What are the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on arrangement?

A

Simple which is one layer thick, stratified which is more than one layer, and pseudostratified which appears to be more than one layer but where all the cells reach the basement membrane

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22
Q

What is the function/characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?

A

It is thin and delicate so easily damaged but common outside of diffusion and filtration. Such as air sacs in the lungs were carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged

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23
Q

What is a lumen?

A

A hollow channel

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24
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

It lines follicles of the thyroid gland, covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules and ducts. It faces the lumen

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25
Q

What are two types of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Ciliated or non-ciliated

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26
Q

What is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

It can move the oocyte through the uterine tube

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27
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lines the digestive track, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients

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28
Q

What can connective tissue be thought of as?

A

Packing tissue

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29
Q

What are characteristics and functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

They commonly have cilia in line the passages of the respiratory system. This allows the cilia to move mucus and captured particles up and out of airways

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30
Q

Why are characteristics/functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Cells near the surface are flattened the most, it is relatively strong, and comprises the epidermidis and lines the oral cavity and a esophagus

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31
Q

What does stratified cuboidal epithelium do?

A

Lines the ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

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32
Q

What is the role of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Found in part of the male urethra and lining of the large ducts of exocrine glands

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33
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Many layers of cubed shaped and elongated cells that are stretchable

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34
Q

What are the five functions of connective tissue?

A

Binds/Connects, protects, supports, stores energy reserves, and body defense/immunity

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35
Q

What are the four common characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Abundance of matrix between cells, fibers, vascularity, and a variety of cell types

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36
Q

What are the three structural elements of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance which is unstructured material that fills space between cells, fibers, and cells

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37
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular

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38
Q

What are characteristics of collagen?

A

The strongest and most abundant type of fiber which is tough and provides high tensile strength

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?

A

Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

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40
Q

What are characteristics of reticular fibers?

A

Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry then collagen fibers) that branch, forming networks that offer give

41
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Fixed which includes fibroblasts and mast cells, and wondering which include macrophages

42
Q

What are characteristics of fibroblasts?

A

Large, star shaped cells that respond rapidly to injury by increasing in number and fiber production

43
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells that usually reside near blood vessels and are responsible for inflammation (histamine)

44
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Cells that originate as white blood cells and perform phagocytosis (Scavenger cells)

45
Q

What is a histamine?

A

A compound released in response to injury that contracts smooth muscles and dilates capillaries

46
Q

What is a “blast” cell?

A

(Baby cells)

Cells in the inmature form, mitotically active, and secrete ground substance and fibers

Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper, chondroblasts in cartilage, osteoblasts in bone, and hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

47
Q

What is a “cyte” cell?

A

(Cunt cells=mature cells)

Cells in mature form that maintain matrix

Include chondrocytes in cartilage in osteocytes and bone

48
Q

What are the two sub classes of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue and dense/fibrous connective tissue

49
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

50
Q

What are the three types of dense/fibrous connective tissue?

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

51
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

Surrounds organs, muscles, blood vessels, and lines of body cavity which means it functions as a cushion and support

52
Q

What does areolar connective tissue consist of?

A

Consists of fibers and several kinds of cells in a semi fluid matrix

 It forms delicate, thin membranes

53
Q

What are four functions of areolar tissue?

A

Supports and binds other tissues, provides a reservoir for water and salt, defends against infection, and stores nutrients as fat

54
Q

What is edema?

A

When areolar connective tissue gets inflamed and soaks up fluid

55
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

To store energy reserves, cushion, and pad

56
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

A

White fat and brown fat

57
Q

What is the function/Characteristics of white fat?

A

Stores nutrients, absorbed shock, and insulates

Has a scanty matrix is richly vascularized

58
Q

What is the function of brown fat?

A

Use a lipid fuels to heat the blood stream not to produce ATP

59
Q

What is the function/characteristics of reticular connective tissue?

A

It resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fibers

It supports free blood cells in the lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

60
Q

What are the characteristics/functions of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Composed primarily of bundles of collagen fibers that makes up tendons and ligaments

It has few cells, very strong, nonelastic, and poorly vascularized

61
Q

What is the function/characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

It is composed of collagen fiber bundles irregularly arranged primarily in the dermis of the skin

It resists tension from many directions

62
Q

What is a red blood cell called?

A

Erythrocyte

63
Q

What are two types of white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes and thrombocytes/platelets 

64
Q

What is the most atypical connective tissue?

A

It is a fluid – blood

65
Q

What are characteristics of cartilage?

A

Tough yet flexible, lacks proper nerve fibers, up to 80% water ( rebound after compression), and avascular

66
Q

What are three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

67
Q

What is characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes are found in spaces called lacunae in a tough, dense matrix (Non-visible fibers present)

68
Q

What are characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes in space is called lacunae in a matrix up visible elastic fibers (fibers in many directions)

69
Q

What are characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes found in a space called lacunae in a matrix of visible dense interwoven collagen fibers and little ground substance

70
Q

What is another name for bone?

A

Osseous tissue

71
Q

What are functions of bones?

A

Supports and protects body structures, and synthesizes blood cells

72
Q

What are characteristics of bone?

A

More collagen than cartilage, has inorganic calcium salts, and richly vascularized

73
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts which produce the matrix, osteocytes with maintain the matrix, and osteons which are the structural units

Osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte

74
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

A cell that produces fibers and matrix of bone

75
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

I cell that dissolves the fibers in matrix of bone

76
Q

What are lamelae?

A

Thin layers of bony matrix

77
Q

How is compact bone formed?

A

Osteoblasts becoming trapped in spaces called lacunae (once encased they are called osteocytes)

78
Q

What does each osteon encase?

A

Blood supply in the central canal

79
Q

What is an osteon?

A

The chief structural unit of compact bone

80
Q

How is spongy/cancellous bone organized?

A

Organized and trabeculae which are composed the layers of lamellae 

81
Q

What does skeleton muscle do?

A

Moves the limbs of the body because it is attached to the skeleton

82
Q

What does cardiac muscle do?

A

Makes up the wall of the heart

83
Q

What does smooth muscle do?

A

Makes up the muscle of the internal organs and blood vessels

84
Q

What are characteristics of a skeletal muscle?

A

Made up of long non-branching striated fibers that may have many periphery nuclei

85
Q

What are characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Made up of elongated spindle-shaped non-striated fibers with one centrally located nuclei

86
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Made up of striated branching fibers with centrally located nuclei and joined by visible intercalated discs

87
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

88
Q

What do neurons do?

A

The nerve/conducting cells

89
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Protective and support of cells

90
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

To detect changes in the environment and initiate response

91
Q

What are the two locations of nervous tissue within the body?

A

The central nervous system which is the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system which connects the CNS with other tissues and organs

92
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

93
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Support, ionic buffering, blood-brain-barrier

CNS

94
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form Myelin

CNS

95
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Phagocyte cellular debris

CNS

96
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line ventricles ciliated

CNS

97
Q

What is a ganglionic gliocyte?

A

A satellite cell that offers support in the PNS

98
Q

What is a Neurolemmocyte/Schwann cell?

A

A cell that forms Myelin in the PNS

Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 (3 decks)

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