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Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 > Lecture #8 Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Lecture #8 Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin by weight

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2
Q

What 6 parts make up the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, sensory receptors, sebaceous/oil glands, and sweat glands

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

Two or more tissues group together and performing a specialized function

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4
Q

What is another name for skin?

A

The cutaneous membrane

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5
Q

What are two categories for the integumentary system?

A

The skin and accessory structures

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6
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

Epidermidis/outer layer and the dermis/inner layer

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7
Q

What forms the epidermidis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What forms the dermis?

A

Connective tissue with both collagenous and elastic fibers

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9
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer/hypo dermis composed of?

A

Areolar tissue and adipose tissue

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10
Q

Is the hypodermis considered part of the skin?

A

No

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11
Q

What does the hypodermis do for the skin?

A

Contains blood vessels that supply the skin with nutrients

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12
Q

What lies between the epidermis and the dermis?

A

The basement membrane

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13
Q

What are the six functions of the skin?

A

Protection, waterproof, immunity, touch, pressure, and temperature

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14
Q

What is the relationship between the epidermidis and the dermis?

A

Well they have different functions they still work together

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15
Q

Epidermis + dermis =?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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16
Q

What is another name for the hypodermis?

A

Sub cutaneous membrane

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17
Q

How are epidermal cells nourished if they are avascular?

A

They are nursed by blood vessels in the dermis

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18
Q

What happens to cells in the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium rest on the basement membrane, but as cells grow they migrate towards the free service away from the nutrient supply and keratinized and flatten

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19
Q

What is keratin?

A

A tough, fibrous, waterproof proteins that is made and stored in cells

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20
Q

What is keratinization?

A

The process of the hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate outward

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21
Q

What happens as cells reach the outer surface?

A

Cells become tightly packed and developed desmosomes and form the outer layer stratum corneum, and are shed from the skin surface eventually

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22
Q

What is the growth rate of cells in the epidermis?

A

Very fast/high growth rate

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23
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basal/germinativum

24
Q

What are the four functions of the epidermidis?

A

Protects against the water loss, harmful chemicals, mechanical injury, and pathogens

25
Q

Which layer of the skin is only present in the palms and the soles of the feet?

A

Stratum lucidum

26
Q

What is another name for stratum basale?

A

Stratum germinativum

27
Q

What is the thickness of skin?

A

.8–1.4 MM on the palms and soles of the feet and .07–.12 MM on most of the body

28
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

The deepest epidermal layer which is firmly attached to the dermis

29
Q

What is the stratum basale composed of?

A

A single row of skin stem cells which is actively mitotic and is composed of 10-25% melanocytes

30
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

In undifferentiated cell that can divide to yield to daughter stem cells or a stem cell and a progenitor cell

31
Q

How is skin color determined?

A

By the amount of melanin melanocytes produce because we all have the same number of melanocytes

32
Q

What is stratum spinosum?

A

The prickly layer that’s composed of several cell layers. Cells contain web like systems of intermediate pre-keratin filament attached to desmosomes

33
Q

What is a prickle cell?

A

A keratinocyte in the stratum spinosum

34
Q

How many layers thick is stratum granulosum?

A

4-6

35
Q

What happens in the stratum granulosum/granular layer?

A

Cells flatten while nuclei and organelles disintegrate. And keratinization occurs

36
Q

In what layer of the upper dermis do cells die?

A

Stratum granulosum is when they start to become too far from dermal capillaries

37
Q

What is keratinization?

A

The process by which cells form fibrils of keratin and harden

38
Q

In which layer is dendritic cells in?

A

Stratum spinosum

39
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen presenting cell

40
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Help with immune function by identifying an enemy and putting it on its head and carrying it. They are APCs

41
Q

What is stratum corneum?

A

20 to 30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs

42
Q

Anucleate mean?

A

Lacking a cell nucleus

43
Q

What is the function of stratum corneum?

A

To protect deeper cells from water loss, operation, penetration, and act as a barrier I’m against biological and chemical assaults

44
Q

What is stratum lucidum?

A

The second outer most layer only present in the palms and soles of the feet. Cells appear clear

45
Q

First-degree burn affects what?

A

Epidermidis

46
Q

Second-degree burn affects what?

A

Dermis

47
Q

Third-degree burn affects what?

A

Hypodermis

48
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Located in the stratum basale and produce a dark pigment called melanin

49
Q

What is melanin?

A

A dark pigment that absorbs UV light from the sun and provides skin and hair color

50
Q

What is the relationship between melanocytes and keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes produce melanin and keratinocytes receive and utilize it

51
Q

What are the three main factors that affect skin color?

A

Hereditary, environmental, and physiological

52
Q

What are hereditary factors that affect skin color?

A

The amount of melanin produced, and the distribution in size of melanin granules

53
Q

What are environmental factors that affect skin color?

A

Sunlight, UV light from the sun lamps, and x-rays

54
Q

What are physiological factors that affect skin color?

A

Oxidization of blood and dermal blood vessels, vasodilation/vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels, accumulation of carotene from the diet, and jaundice

55
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Low blood oxygen causing a blue color

56
Q

What is jaundice?

A

When the skin becomes yellow due to improper liver function causing the buildup of bilirubin

57
Q

How does the sun cause cancer?

A

UV radiation overwhelms the bodies natural protective responses

Z A&P I Chapters 4-6 (3 decks)

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