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Infection Biology and Microbiology > Lecture 9: Challenges faced by the immune system and overview > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Challenges faced by the immune system and overview Flashcards

Tuesday 29th October 2024

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1
Q

What are the different types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites, fungi

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2
Q

What do pathogens vary in?

A

size, location (intracellular/extracellular), biochemical composition

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3
Q

Order pathogens in size order

A

Viruses

Intracellular bacteria

Extracellular bacteria, archaea, protozoa

Fungi

Parasites

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4
Q

Name 3 extracellular pathogens

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Clostridium tetani

Pneumocystis carinii

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5
Q

What type of pathogen is Streptococcus pneumonia

A

Gram positive bacteria

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6
Q

How many different serotypes are there of Streptococcus pneumonia?

A

More than 90

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7
Q

What sorts of conditions can Streptococcus pneumonia cause?

A

acute sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, cellulitis … as well as pneumonia.

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8
Q

is it true that Streptococcus pneumonia is part of the normal upper respiratory tract flora but can become pathogenic under the right conditions (e.g., immunosuppression)?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What does Streptococcus pneumonia compete with?

A

Haemophilus influenzae (a Gram negative bacterium that can also cause pneumonia and meningitis)

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10
Q

How does Streptococcus pneumonia compete with Haemophilus influenzae?

A

by attacking it with hydrogen peroxide.

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11
Q

How does Haemophilus influenzae respond to attack from Streptococcus pneumonia ?

A

by signalling to our immune system to attack the S. pneumoniae

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12
Q

What type of pathogen is Clostridium Tetani?

A

Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium.

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13
Q

Describe the spores of Clostridium Tetani

A

extremely hardy, resistant to heat and most antiseptics, widely distributed in manured soils, on human skin and in contaminated heroin.

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14
Q

What biological toxin is produced by Clostridium Tetani?

A

tetanospasmin

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15
Q

What disease does Clostridium Tetani cause?

A

Tetanus

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16
Q

What are the features of tetanus?

A
  • risus sardonicus (a rigid smile),
  • trismus (commonly known as “lock-jaw”),
  • opisthotonus (rigid, arched back).
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17
Q

In what percentage of cases is tetanus fatal in?

A

Around 40% of cases

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18
Q

Is it true that a typical dose of tetanospasmin is too small to provoke an immune response?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Give 3 examples of extracellular pathogens

A

Ascaris

Schistosoma

Trypanosoma brucei

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20
Q

What type of pathogen is Ascaris?

A

Nematode roundworm parasite

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21
Q

What disease is caused by Ascaris?

A

Ascariasis

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22
Q

What type of pathogen is Schistosoma?

A

Trematode platyhelminth flatworm parasite

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23
Q

Is it true that the pathogens in Ascariasis bury their way through the intestines and make their way up the lungs?

A

Yes

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24
Q

What type of pathogen is Pneumocystis carinii?

A

Yeast- like fungus

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25
Q

What type of disease is caused by Pneumocystis carinii?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

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26
Q

What is the main type of ilness caused by Streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia

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27
Q

What disease does Schistosoma cause?

A

Schistosomiasis

28
Q

What type of pathogen is Trypanosoma brucei?

A

A protozoa

29
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

Sleeping sickness

30
Q

What is the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei carried on?

A

Tsetse flies.

31
Q

Why is it difficult for our immune system to attach to the epithelial cells of protozoan Tsetse flies?

A

because they acquire a dense layer of glycoproteins that continually change, allowing the parasite to dodge
an attack from the host’s immune system.

32
Q

What do the general symptoms of african sleeping sickness include?

A

Drowsiness, sleepiness (may be uncontrollable)
Insomnia at night
Anxiety, mood changes
Fever, headache, sweating
Swollen lymph nodes all over the body
Weakness
Without treatment, death may occur within 6 months from cardiac failure

33
Q

Name some intracellular pathogens

A

Mycobacterium leprae

Leishmania donovani

Plasmodium falciparum

Variola

Influenza

Varicella

34
Q

What type of pathogen is variola?

A

Virus

35
Q

What disease does variola cause?

A

Smallpox

36
Q

What type of pathogen is influenza?

A

Virus

37
Q

what disease does influenza cause ?

A

The flu

38
Q

What type of pathogen is varicella?

A

Virus

39
Q

What disease does varicella cause ?

A

Chickenpox

40
Q

What type of pathogen is Mycobacterium leprae?

A

Gram positive bacterium

41
Q

What cells does Mycobacterium leprae
infect?

A

Infects macrophages and Schwann cells

42
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium leprae
cause?

A

Leprosy

43
Q

What type of pathogen is Leishmania donovani?

A

Protozoan

44
Q

What cells does Leishmania donovani infect?

A

macrophages

45
Q

what disease does Leishmania donovani
cause?

A

Leishmaniasis

46
Q

What type of pathogen is Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Protozoan

47
Q

What cells does plasmodium falciparum infect?

A

erythrocytes

48
Q

What disease does plasmodium falciparum cause?

A

Malaria

49
Q

Is it true that viruses evolve and mutate very quickly?

A

Yes

50
Q

What 2 things can viruses do to avoid host immune responses?

A

They can mutate or recombine

51
Q

How does HIV evolve by mutation?

A
  • HIV inserts its DNA into our cells when reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
  • The viral DNA in our nucleus can then be transcribed into viral proteins
52
Q

Does HIV have a high mutation and antigenic drift rate?

A

Yes

53
Q

How does the flu evolve?

A

by recombination

54
Q

What is recombination?

A

Flu recombination refers to a process called genetic reassortment that occurs when two different strains of the influenza virus infect the same host cell and exchange genetic material. This can lead to the creation of a new hybrid virus with characteristics from both parent strains.

55
Q

When was the spanish flue first introduced?

A

In 1918

56
Q

What caused the 1918 spanish flu?

A

a bird crossing the species barrier and transferring H1N1 bird flu

57
Q

Which influenza infects humans?

A

Influenza type A

58
Q

What triggered the 1957 Asian ‘flu epidemic?

A

Recombination events

59
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

When pathogens alter their antigens, making it harder for the immune system to deal with them

60
Q

What pathogen undergoes antigenic shift?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

61
Q

Why do we have to rely on our innate immune system for the first few days after being infected with a pathogen?

A

Because the primary response and the secondary response are slow

62
Q

What does the immune system find it difficult to distinguish between?

A

Self, non-self, and altered self

63
Q

What do ‘altererd self’ include?

A

malignant cells, apoptotic cells, oxidised proteins

64
Q

What are the typical features of non-self?

A

Bacterial cell wall structures

Protein and peptide

structures/sequences from pathogens

Yeast carbohydrates

Pathogen DNA

Viral antigens on host cells
65
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

It separates circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid.

66
Q
A
67
Q
A

Infection Biology and Microbiology (23 decks)

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