Lecture 2: Microbial Evolution and Diversity Flashcards
Friday 4th October 2024
How long ago did bacteria and archaea appear on the earth?
3.6 to 3.8 billion years ago
What is the surface origin hypothesis?
- The idea that life evolved in warm little ponds on the surface of the planet, with a primordial soup of a mixture of chemicals that allowed organisms to form.
What protects us from UV radiation?
The ozone layer, which is made up of oxygen.
Why can early life be described as hostile?
- There were high levels of UV radiation in the atmosphere.
- There were many meteor strikes.
- There was a lot of volcanic activity.
Why is the surface origin theory unlikely?
Because there were high levels of UV radiation, many meteor strikes, and high levels of volcanic activity.
What is the subsurface origin hypothesis?
- The idea that life formed from hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor.
(energy, heat, reduced compounds, organic compounds form) - More stable conditions than conditions on the surface
- Constant source of energy, from reduced inorganic compounds produced inside the planet, which produce chemical energy).
Can life begin without light?
yes
What’s more stable RNA or DNA?
DNA
Can RNA act as an enzyme?
Yes, but DNA can’t
What was early life very dependant on?
H2 and CO2
What did H2 and CO2 react together in the early atmosphere to make?
Methane
Is it true that bacteria made acetate and archaea made methane in the early atmosphere?
Yes
As the planet began to cool, what was there a lesser reliance on?
There was a lesser reliance on chemical energy.
What did purple and green bacteria use for anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Hydrogen sulfide
When the cyanobacteria evolved, what did they use for photosynthesis?
Water, this produced Oxygen and Hydrogen
Initially, why was the oxygenation of the atmosphere problematic?
Because oxygen is highly reactive. So, the oxygen started oxidising everything it touched.
What happened as the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased?
An ozone layer was produced. This reduced the amount of UV light reaching the earth.
Is it true that before the use of molecular biology, we didn’t know that Archaea existed?
Yes