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PS11420 > Lecture 9 and 10- Theories of personality > Flashcards

Lecture 9 and 10- Theories of personality Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 reasons why someone has to study personality?

A

contribute to knowledge and theory on personality
helps us to understand real life settings
recruitment in organisations
understand abnormal development
identifying cause of disorders
understand people

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2
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

made up of Id, ego and superego.
Focus on the unconscious vs. conscious mind.
saw personality as an energy system:Psychic or libido, based on instinctual drives, powering the mind
psychoanalysis developed as a theory of personality, and as a method of studying the mind and treating disorders through clinical observations.
used dream analysis

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3
Q

psychodynamic approach:

describe the ID

A

core of personality
the unconscious
irrational
seeks pleasure

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4
Q

psychodynamic approach:

describe the ego

A

mediator

checks to see when Id’s needs can be satisfied

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5
Q

psychodynamic approach:

describe the superego

A

conscience of the person
values and ideals of society and family
governed by moralistic goals
Id and superego in conflict

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6
Q

what are defence mechanisms?

A

ego uses these to protect itself from anxiety

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7
Q

what are the 4 most important defence mechanisms?

A

repression
denial
displacement
projection

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8
Q

what is repression?

A

pushes anxiety-arousing memories into the unconscious mind to keep the Id under control

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9
Q

what is denial?

A

refusal to acknowledge the anxiety-provoking thoughts

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10
Q

what is displacement?

A

the redirection of unacceptable drives to a safer substitute object

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11
Q

what is projection?

A

an unaccepted impulse is repressed then projected onto others

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12
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages

A 
oral
anal
phallic-oedipu and electra
latency-dormant
genital-puberty
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13
Q

what could happen if there is an over-indulge or deprivation of the psychosexual stages?

A

it can lead to fixation or regression

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14
Q

Neoanalytical approach:

who came up with this approach?

A

psychologists that disagreed with Freud.

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15
Q

Neoanalytical approach: explain this theory

A

Thought that Freud did not give social and cultural factors an important role in the development of personality and put too much emphasis on the events of childhood.
This approach stated that humans are motivated by social interest; desire to advance the welfare of others.
It also states that humans possess not only a personal unconscious but a collective one too, which includes memories accumulated from the entire human race. These are represented by archetypes; inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways.

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16
Q

what are the 2 approaches against Freud’s theory?

A

neoanalytical approach

phenomenological-humanistic approach

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17
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

what is this theory’s focus?

A

on the self-actualised self

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18
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

what does phenomenological mean?

A

the individuals subjective experience, only they can explain the meaning behind a behaviour

19
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

this approach is focused around ‘the self’ explain this

A

the PH theory states that every human being is good.
The self plays an important role in guiding our perceptions and directing our behaviour.
Once the self concept is established, we want to maintain it as it helps us to understand the world.
Focus is on the self as “an organised consistent set of perceptions or beliefs about oneself”

20
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

this states we have needs for 2 things

A

self consistency

congruence

21
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

what is self consistency

A

self perceptions that don’t conflict

22
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

what is congruence

A

consistency between self-perceptions and our expectations

23
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

when is anxiety caused?

A

when there is experiences that are inconsistent

24
Q

phenomenological-humanistic approach

what can well adjusted individuals do to respond to threat?

A

modify the self concept so that the experiences are congruent. But others can deny/distort their experiences to remove the incongruence

25
Q

The need for positive regard:

what is this

A

we are born with an innate need for acceptance, sympathy and love from others. These are essential for health development.
HOWEVER, this can be given as a result of how the child behaves. The conditions for growth is unconditional positive growth, openness and empathy.

26
Q

The need for positive regard: what are the disadvantages of this?

A

how do you assess the need for positive regard?
Is everyone actually born good?
Is this theory reductionist?

27
Q

what is classed as a fully functioning person?

A

those close to achieving self-actualisation
do not hide behind ‘masks’
feel a sense of inner freedom, self-determination, and a choice in the direction of their growth

28
Q

what are types and traits of personality?

A

way of mapping personality

29
Q

types and traits of personality: what is types of personality/

A

classifying people into groups who share the same common personality

30
Q

types and traits of personality: what are traits of personality?

A

the degree to which a person displays a certain characteristic

31
Q

types and traits of personality: what are 5 ways that traits and types are measured?

A 
Cattell's 16 personality factor
Factor analysis
Extraversion stability model
Lexical approach
The big 5
32
Q

types and traits are measured:

Factor analysis

A

identify clusters of behaviour that are highly correlated with one another. Clusters can be viewed as reflecting a basic dimension on which people vary.

33
Q

types and traits are measured:
factor analysis
example

A

introversion and extroversion.

There is a dimension between the two traits.

34
Q

types and traits are measured: lexical approach

A

propose traits on the basis of words/concepts from everyday discourse

35
Q

types and traits are measured:

Cattell’s 16 personality factors

A

participants were asked to rate themselves on numerous objectives aswell as obtaining ratings from those who knew the participants well. He performed a factor analysis and identified 16 behaviour clusters. E.g. reserved-outgoing
submissive-dominant

36
Q

types and traits are measured:

Eysenck’s extraversion-stability model

A

traits based on 2 dimensions; extraversion-introversion and stability-instability. These are uncorrelated.

37
Q

types and traits are measured: The big 5

A

5 higher order factors are all that we need to capture the basic structure of personality.

38
Q

types and traits are measured: what are the big 5?

A 
O=openness
C=consciousness VS. lack of direction
E=extraversion VS. introversion
A=agreeableness VS. antagonism 
N=neuroticism VS. emotional stability
39
Q

types and traits are measured: the big 5 examples

Openness to experience

A

ideas, fantasy, values

40
Q

types and traits are measured: the big 5 examples

Consciousness VS. lack of direction

A

competence, order, self-discipline

41
Q

types and traits are measured: the big 5 examples

Extroversion VS. introversion

A

assertive, reserved

42
Q

types and traits are measured: the big 5 examples

Agreeableness VS. antagonism

A

trust, compliance

43
Q

types and traits are measured: the big 5 examples

Neuroticism VS. emotional stability

A

anxiety, depression, vulnerable

PS11420 (6 decks)

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