Lecture 6- Social Relations

Question 1

what is a social relation?

Answer 1

any relationship between two or more individuals

Question 2

Who did the social relations study?

Answer 2

Sherif

Question 3

Describe Sherif’s study of social relations

Answer 3

11 year old boys who attended summer camp were split into 2 groups, each taking part in activities as separate groups. Allowing a strong in-group identity to form. Both groups were introduces to each other and required to take part in activities. Both groups began to display hostile behaviour towards each other.

Question 4

What is prejudice?

Answer 4

any negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group.

Question 5

What is discrimination?

Answer 5

overt behaviour that involves treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong.

Question 6

What are the 2 measures of prejudice?

Answer 6

explicit and implicit

Question 7

What is explicit measures of prejudice?

Answer 7

The prejudices that people express publically. These are easier to measure BUT people might give socially desirable responses through surveys.

Question 8

What is implicit measures of prejudice?

Answer 8

Prejudices hidden from others. Measured through facial measures and reaction times. This shows less social desirability an shows unconscious prejudice.

Question 9

How would you test implicit prejudice?

Answer 9

Pairs of words shown on a computer screen and the aim is to press a computer key as quick as possible. The underlying principle is that the reaction time will be quicker when the words are seen as ‘fitting’ together. A person who is prejudiced towards blacks, will react more slowly to ‘black-pleasant’ than ‘white-pleasant.’

Question 10

What are 2 ways you can reinforce prejudice?

Answer 10

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Stereotypical threat

Question 11

What is the self fulfilling way of reinforcing prejudice?

Answer 11

When another’s belief about an individual causes them to behave in a way that reinforces their expectation of that person.

Question 12

Describe the study by Carl World that supports the self fulfilling prophecy to reinforce prejudice theory

Answer 12

The study began with the premise that white’s held negative stereotypes about blacks. In the experiment, white male students interviewed white and black students who were secretly confederates told to answer in a standard way. The findings were that the white interviewers sat further away, conducted shorter interviews and made more speech errors when the applicants were black.

Question 13

What is the stereotype threat way of reinforcing prejudice?

Answer 13

Stereotypes create self-consciousness among stereotyped group members and a fear that they will live up to another persons stereotypes.

Question 14

What is the study by Steele that supports the stereotype threat of reinforcing prejudice?

Answer 14

Women graduating in traditionally fields of study reported the highest levels of stereotype threat. They were more likely to feel like they were targets of sex discrimination and were expected to do more poorly.

Question 15

Prejudice is most likely to be reduced through…

Answer 15

equal status contact

Question 16

reducing prejudice:

what are the 4 things needed for equal status contact

Answer 16

sustained close contact
equal status
working towards a shared goal
supported by general social norms

Question 17

reducing prejudice:

what are the 3 criticisms of the equal status contact theory

Answer 17

how do the effects of the contact, filter through to all members?
positive contact may be attributed to other causes
it may be too difficult to fulfil all conditions

Question 18

when inter group contact takes place, prejudice often…

Answer 18

decreases

Question 19

what is the study that supports the stereotype threat of reducing prejudice?

Answer 19

During a video simulation, participants were more likely to shoot an unarmed black man than a white man. Further research has shown that repeated exposure, decreases the shooter bias shown before.

Question 20

What is aggression?

Answer 20

any form of behaviour intended to harm another

Question 21

name 6 environmental factors that cause aggression

Answer 21

frustration
extreme heat
provocation
painful stimuli
over-crowding
influenced by learning

Question 22

Briefly explain Bandura’s study

Answer 22

4-5 year old watched adult dolls play with Bobo dolls. There were 4 conditions;live, recorded, control and cartoon. Adults acted aggressively towards the dolls. Children who watched the live condition were more likely to act aggressively towards the doll.

Question 23

what are the 4 psychological factors that cause aggression?

Answer 23

self-justification
attribution of intentionality
catharsis
over-controlled hostility

Question 24

psychological factors that cause aggression

self justification

Answer 24

this makes it psychologically easier to harm people. Aggressors may blame the victim for imagined wrongs or convince themselves the victims deserve it

Question 25

psychological factors that cause aggression

attribution of intentionality

Answer 25

when we believe the negative behaviour towards us was intentional, we become more angry. In this case, revenge may be seeked, but this alone isn’t enough, the offender must understand why the revenge is being taken on them. When someone offends us and then apologises, we forgive the person depending on how well we empathise with their view point.

Question 26

psychological factors that cause aggression

catharsis

Answer 26

performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and reduces our impulse to be aggressive. We channel out violent impulses into socially acceptable behaviour.

Question 27

psychological factors that cause aggression

over controlled hostility

Answer 27

showing little immediate reactions to provocations, instead, bottling up anger then erupting.

Question 28

psychological factors that cause aggression

what is the study that is about this?

Answer 28

hitting a punching bag while thinking of someone who has angered you, increases your anger. However, hitting a bag that symbolically represents them e.g.voodoo doll, reduced anger-related words and hence subsequent violent behaviour may be reduced.

Question 29

what is the social learning view that shows media related violence

Answer 29

media violence is likely to increase viewers aggressive behaviour by providing numerous aggressive models. Boys and girls who perceive tv violence to be highly realistic are more likely to be aggressive as adults. There is clearer causal link.

Question 30

what study supports that social learning view shows media related violence

Answer 30

child watched toy being hidden on tv and knew where to find it after. Shows children copy what they see on tv

Question 31

what are 3 ways violence is increased by media violence

Answer 31

viewers learn new behaviour through modelling
viewers come to believe that aggression is usually rewarded
viewers become desensitised to violence

Question 32

what are 4 ways you can reduce aggressive behaviour

Answer 32

through social learning- reduce negative models and increase positive models
reduce exposure to negative stimuli
reduce frustrations
finding other ways to release emotions

Question 33

what are 3 reasons why we should help others?

Answer 33

reciprocal altruism-helping others increases the chance that they will help us back
norm of reciprocity-we should reciprocate when someone treats us kindly
norm of social responsibility-people should help others and contribute to the welfare of society. Eventually we internalise these norms as our own and be rewarded for it.

Question 34

when are children more likely to act pro-socially?

Answer 34

when they have been raised by parents who have high moral standards, who are warm and supportive and who encourage their children to develop empathy. Cultural differences appear here with Hindu children believing they have an obligation to help others whereas Americans believe it to be a choice.

Question 35

What is pro social behaviour motivated by?

Answer 35

altruistic and egoistic goals

Question 36

what is altruism?

Answer 36

the unselfishness of helping others for the purpose of enhancing an individuals welfare

Question 37

what is egoistic?

Answer 37

helping others to improve our own welfare.

Question 38

does true altruism exist?

Answer 38

yes- empathy-altruism hypothesis:: altruism is caused by empathy

no- our distress is reduced when another individual is no longer in distress.

Question 39

describe the case of Kitty Genovese

Answer 39

attacked and killed
attacked for 30 minutes whilst 38 neighbours watched-none called the police
shows the bystander effects

Question 40

when do people help?

Answer 40

observing a pro-social model
not being in a rush
being in a good mood

Question 41

what are the 5 stages of the bystander intervention process

Answer 41

stage 1- notice the event
stage 2- is the event an emergency?
stage 3- assuming the responsibility to intervene (if you don’t, will someone else)
stage 4- confidence in dealing with the situation
stage 5- decision to help by CBA

Question 42

what is the bystander apathy/effect

Answer 42

not helping someone
“the presence of multiple bystanders inhibits the tendency of each person to help. Largely due to social comparison and diffusion of responsibility.”

Question 43

when is bystanders apathy most likely to happen?

Answer 43

when the bystanders are strangers

Question 44

what is a reason for bystander apathy?

Answer 44

have-a-go heroes because stories have been reported before where they get injured.

Question 45

we are more likely to help others whom

Answer 45

are more similar to us
who are women
due to perceived fairness and responsibility.

Question 46

we are more likely to help others whom:

are more similar to us

Answer 46

attitudes, nationality ect

Question 47

we are more likely to help others whom

gender

Answer 47

males are more likely to help women

women are equally likely to help all.

Question 48

we are more likely to help others whom

perceived fairness and responsibility

Answer 48

if the person is not responsible for their harm, others are more likely to help

Question 49

what are 3 ways we can increase pro social behaviour

Answer 49

exposing people to pro social models
encouraging feelings of empathy and contentedness to others
learning factors that inhibit bystander intervention

Question 50

increase pro social behaviour

exposing people to pro social models

Answer 50

used to increase blood donations in school video. Shows students donating, so more and more do donate.

Question 51

increase pro social behaviour

learning factors that inhibit bystander intervention

Answer 51

two conditions where one was exposed to info on bystander effect. 2 weeks later, those in the info group, more than half rushed to the aid of the victim compared with 1/4 of the control.