Lecture 6- Social Relations Flashcards
what is a social relation?
any relationship between two or more individuals
Who did the social relations study?
Sherif
Describe Sherif’s study of social relations
11 year old boys who attended summer camp were split into 2 groups, each taking part in activities as separate groups. Allowing a strong in-group identity to form. Both groups were introduces to each other and required to take part in activities. Both groups began to display hostile behaviour towards each other.
What is prejudice?
any negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group.
What is discrimination?
overt behaviour that involves treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong.
What are the 2 measures of prejudice?
explicit and implicit
What is explicit measures of prejudice?
The prejudices that people express publically. These are easier to measure BUT people might give socially desirable responses through surveys.
What is implicit measures of prejudice?
Prejudices hidden from others. Measured through facial measures and reaction times. This shows less social desirability an shows unconscious prejudice.
How would you test implicit prejudice?
Pairs of words shown on a computer screen and the aim is to press a computer key as quick as possible. The underlying principle is that the reaction time will be quicker when the words are seen as ‘fitting’ together. A person who is prejudiced towards blacks, will react more slowly to ‘black-pleasant’ than ‘white-pleasant.’
What are 2 ways you can reinforce prejudice?
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Stereotypical threat
What is the self fulfilling way of reinforcing prejudice?
When another’s belief about an individual causes them to behave in a way that reinforces their expectation of that person.
Describe the study by Carl World that supports the self fulfilling prophecy to reinforce prejudice theory
The study began with the premise that white’s held negative stereotypes about blacks. In the experiment, white male students interviewed white and black students who were secretly confederates told to answer in a standard way. The findings were that the white interviewers sat further away, conducted shorter interviews and made more speech errors when the applicants were black.
What is the stereotype threat way of reinforcing prejudice?
Stereotypes create self-consciousness among stereotyped group members and a fear that they will live up to another persons stereotypes.
What is the study by Steele that supports the stereotype threat of reinforcing prejudice?
Women graduating in traditionally fields of study reported the highest levels of stereotype threat. They were more likely to feel like they were targets of sex discrimination and were expected to do more poorly.
Prejudice is most likely to be reduced through…
equal status contact
reducing prejudice:
what are the 4 things needed for equal status contact
sustained close contact
equal status
working towards a shared goal
supported by general social norms
reducing prejudice:
what are the 3 criticisms of the equal status contact theory
how do the effects of the contact, filter through to all members?
positive contact may be attributed to other causes
it may be too difficult to fulfil all conditions
when inter group contact takes place, prejudice often…
decreases
what is the study that supports the stereotype threat of reducing prejudice?
During a video simulation, participants were more likely to shoot an unarmed black man than a white man. Further research has shown that repeated exposure, decreases the shooter bias shown before.
What is aggression?
any form of behaviour intended to harm another
name 6 environmental factors that cause aggression
frustration extreme heat provocation painful stimuli over-crowding influenced by learning
Briefly explain Bandura’s study
4-5 year old watched adult dolls play with Bobo dolls. There were 4 conditions;live, recorded, control and cartoon. Adults acted aggressively towards the dolls. Children who watched the live condition were more likely to act aggressively towards the doll.
what are the 4 psychological factors that cause aggression?
self-justification
attribution of intentionality
catharsis
over-controlled hostility
psychological factors that cause aggression
self justification
this makes it psychologically easier to harm people. Aggressors may blame the victim for imagined wrongs or convince themselves the victims deserve it
psychological factors that cause aggression
attribution of intentionality
when we believe the negative behaviour towards us was intentional, we become more angry. In this case, revenge may be seeked, but this alone isn’t enough, the offender must understand why the revenge is being taken on them. When someone offends us and then apologises, we forgive the person depending on how well we empathise with their view point.
psychological factors that cause aggression
catharsis
performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and reduces our impulse to be aggressive. We channel out violent impulses into socially acceptable behaviour.
psychological factors that cause aggression
over controlled hostility
showing little immediate reactions to provocations, instead, bottling up anger then erupting.
psychological factors that cause aggression
what is the study that is about this?
hitting a punching bag while thinking of someone who has angered you, increases your anger. However, hitting a bag that symbolically represents them e.g.voodoo doll, reduced anger-related words and hence subsequent violent behaviour may be reduced.
what is the social learning view that shows media related violence
media violence is likely to increase viewers aggressive behaviour by providing numerous aggressive models. Boys and girls who perceive tv violence to be highly realistic are more likely to be aggressive as adults. There is clearer causal link.
what study supports that social learning view shows media related violence
child watched toy being hidden on tv and knew where to find it after. Shows children copy what they see on tv
what are 3 ways violence is increased by media violence
viewers learn new behaviour through modelling
viewers come to believe that aggression is usually rewarded
viewers become desensitised to violence
what are 4 ways you can reduce aggressive behaviour
through social learning- reduce negative models and increase positive models
reduce exposure to negative stimuli
reduce frustrations
finding other ways to release emotions
what are 3 reasons why we should help others?
reciprocal altruism-helping others increases the chance that they will help us back
norm of reciprocity-we should reciprocate when someone treats us kindly
norm of social responsibility-people should help others and contribute to the welfare of society. Eventually we internalise these norms as our own and be rewarded for it.
when are children more likely to act pro-socially?
when they have been raised by parents who have high moral standards, who are warm and supportive and who encourage their children to develop empathy. Cultural differences appear here with Hindu children believing they have an obligation to help others whereas Americans believe it to be a choice.
What is pro social behaviour motivated by?
altruistic and egoistic goals
what is altruism?
the unselfishness of helping others for the purpose of enhancing an individuals welfare
what is egoistic?
helping others to improve our own welfare.
does true altruism exist?
yes- empathy-altruism hypothesis:: altruism is caused by empathy
no- our distress is reduced when another individual is no longer in distress.
describe the case of Kitty Genovese
attacked and killed
attacked for 30 minutes whilst 38 neighbours watched-none called the police
shows the bystander effects
when do people help?
observing a pro-social model
not being in a rush
being in a good mood
what are the 5 stages of the bystander intervention process
stage 1- notice the event
stage 2- is the event an emergency?
stage 3- assuming the responsibility to intervene (if you don’t, will someone else)
stage 4- confidence in dealing with the situation
stage 5- decision to help by CBA
what is the bystander apathy/effect
not helping someone
“the presence of multiple bystanders inhibits the tendency of each person to help. Largely due to social comparison and diffusion of responsibility.”
when is bystanders apathy most likely to happen?
when the bystanders are strangers
what is a reason for bystander apathy?
have-a-go heroes because stories have been reported before where they get injured.
we are more likely to help others whom
are more similar to us
who are women
due to perceived fairness and responsibility.
we are more likely to help others whom:
are more similar to us
attitudes, nationality ect
we are more likely to help others whom
gender
males are more likely to help women
women are equally likely to help all.
we are more likely to help others whom
perceived fairness and responsibility
if the person is not responsible for their harm, others are more likely to help
what are 3 ways we can increase pro social behaviour
exposing people to pro social models
encouraging feelings of empathy and contentedness to others
learning factors that inhibit bystander intervention
increase pro social behaviour
exposing people to pro social models
used to increase blood donations in school video. Shows students donating, so more and more do donate.
increase pro social behaviour
learning factors that inhibit bystander intervention
two conditions where one was exposed to info on bystander effect. 2 weeks later, those in the info group, more than half rushed to the aid of the victim compared with 1/4 of the control.
