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safety > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Sound

A
  • is any change in pressure that can be detected (noted)by the ear.
  • is any change in waves frequency and/or amplitude (size) that can be detected (noted) by the ear.
  • Typically sound is a change in air pressure. However it can also be a change in water pressure or any other pressure sensitive medium.
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2
Q

Noise

A

unwanted sound

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3
Q

The difference between noise and sound is

A

in the perception(understanding)of the person hearing it.

(loudly music can be sound for someone and noise for another one)

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4
Q

Sound and vibration

A
  • Sound typically relates to a sensation that is perceived(felt)by the inner ear as hearing.
  • Vibration on the other hand is inaudible (unheared) and is perceived(sensed) through the sense of touch.
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5
Q

Pitch (tone, signal) and cycles of sound waves

A
  • Normal atmospheric pressure is represented by a straight line
  • Sound is represented by a wavy line that crosses above and below the straight line.
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6
Q

Industrial Noise Types

A
  • Wide band (range)noise: Noise that is distributed over a wide range of frequencies. Most noise from manufacturing machinesis wide band noise.
  • Narrow band noise: Noise that is confined (limited) to a narrow range of frequencies. The noise produced by power tools is narrow band noise.
  • Impulse noise: Noise consisting of transient pulses (Vibrations)that can occur repetitively or non repetitively. The noise produced by a jackhammeris repetitive impulse noise.
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7
Q

Excessive Noise Physiological (bodily)problems

A
  • The fundamental hazard associated (related)with excessive noise is the loss of hearing (becoming deaf أصم).
  • Exposure to excessive noise levels for an extended period can damage the inner ear so that the ability to hear high frequency sound is diminished(minimized)or lost altogether.
  • Additional exposure can increase the damage until even lower frequency sounds cannot be heard.
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8
Q

Factors affecting the risk of hearing loss

A
  • Intensity of the noise (pressure level)
  • Type of noise (wide band, narrow band, impulse)
  • Duration of daily exposure
  • Total duration of exposure (number of years)
  • Age of the individual
  • Coexisting hearing disease
  • Nature of the environment in which exposure occurs
  • Distance of the individual from the source of noise
  • Position of the ears relative to the sound waves
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9
Q

Sound level for personal protection

A
  • The most critical factors causing problems are the sound level, frequency, duration and distribution of noise.
  • The unprotected human ear is at risk when exposed to sound levels exceeding115 dB (decibels). youngster in Europe and USA
  • Exposure to sound levels below80 dB is generally considered safe.
  • Prolonged exposure to noise levels above 80 dB should be minimized through the use of appropriate personal protective devices
  • To decrease the risk of hearing loss, exposure to noise should be limited to a maximum 8 hour time weighted average of 85 dB (without protection).
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10
Q

Factors considered by medical professionals in determining causes of hearing loss

A

The most common measurements are:

  • area surveys (study, check, analysis),
  • dosimetry, and
  • engineering surveys.
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11
Q

Area surveys

A

•In an area survey, environmental noise levels are measured using a sound level meter to identify work areas where exposures are above hazardous levels.

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12
Q

Dosimetry

A

•involves the use of body worn instruments (dosimeters) to monitor an employee’s noise exposure over the work shift.

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13
Q

Engineering surveys

A

typically employ more sophisticated acoustical (sound)equipment in addition to sound level meters. These measurements are used to assess options for applying engineering controls

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14
Q

Noise surveys

A

involve measuring noise levels at different locations in the workplace

  • A sound level meter produces an immediate reading that represents the noise level at a specific instant in time.
  • A dosimeter provides a time weighted average over a period of time such as one complete work shift.
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15
Q

Audiometric testing

A
  • measures the hearing threshold (limit, level)of employees.
  • For employees found to have a standard threshold shift (hearing decrease), the employer is required to fill out a form in which the loss is recorded as a work time illness.
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16
Q

Follow Up

A

Follow up is critical.

Failure to take prompt (quick) corrective action at the first sign of hearing loss can lead to permanent weakening damage.

17
Q

The appropriate follow up activities to initial hearing loss test are the following:

A
  • Testing other employees to determine if the hearing loss is isolated (only) to the employee in question or if other employees have been affected.
  • Administering a retest to verify the hearing loss.
  • Changing or improving the type of personal protection used.
  • Conducting a noise survey in the employer’s work area to determine if engineering controls are sufficient.
18
Q

Engineering controls

A
  • The steps taken, other than administrative or personnel protection procedures, to reduce the sound level at the source or within the hearing zone of workers.
  • All of the engineering controls are designed to reduce noise at:
  • the source,
  • along its path,
  • or at the receiver. (Minimizing the source of noise as much as possible).
19
Q

Administrative controls

A

The controls that reduce the exposure of employees to noise rather than reducing the noise.

Administrative controls should be considered a second level approach with engineering controls given top priority.

20
Q

HAV stands for

A

Hand Arm Vibration syndrome is the most common vibration related problem.

You can prevent it by:

  • Purchase low vibration tools.
  • Limit employee exposure to no more than 4 hours per day, two days per week.
  • Change employee work habits to safer habits such as wearing properly fitting thick gloves that can partially absorb (take in) vibration,
  • taking periodic breaks (at least 10 minutes each hour),
  • using a loose grip on the tool and hold it away from the body,
21
Q

HPD

A

Hearing protection devices

22
Q

Hearing protection devices are

A
  • Enclosures devices: Devices that completely cover the employees head, much like helmets.
  • Earplugs devices (aural devices): Devices that fit into the ear canal.
  • Superauralcaps devices: Devices that fit over the external edge of the ear canal and are held in place by a headband.
  • Earmuffs devices: Devices that cover the entire ear with a cushioned cup that is attached to a headband
23
Q

Earplugs and earmuffsare able to

A

reduce noise by 20 to 30 dB

By combining earplugs and earmuffs an additional 3 to 5 dB of blockage can be gained.

24
Q

Evaluation of a hearing loss prevention program

A
  • Hearing loss prevention programs should be evaluated periodically to ensure their effectiveness.
  • Such evaluations should have at least the following components:
    • training and education:
    • trainingat least once a year, provided by qualified instructor,
  • evaluation of training, content revised periodically,
  • manager and supervisor involvement
    • supervisors provided with knowledge,
    • wear hearing protectors in appropriate areas,
  • posters,
  • handouts,
  • personal counseling (advising)sessions.
  • Discipline (correction, e.g. punish) employees who repeatedly refuse to wear hearing protectors.
25
Q

Evaluation of a hearing loss prevention program

engineering and administrative controls

A

most effective means of controlling or eliminating the hazard.

26
Q

Evaluation of a hearing loss prevention program

monitoring and record keeping

A
  • audiometric technician adequately trained, certified, records complete,
  • OSHA standards,
  • NIOSH recommendations, results communicated to supervisors, managers, and employees.
27
Q

Evaluation of a hearing loss prevention program

referral

A

to outside sources for consultation or treatment

28
Q

Evaluation of a hearing loss prevention program

hearing protection devices

A

made available to all employees whose daily average noise exposure is 85 dB or above.

29
Q

Evaluation of a hearing loss prevention program

Administration

A

keeping organized and current (updated)on any changes in federal or state regulations.

safety (11 decks)

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