Lecture 10 Flashcards
1
Q
Problems solving strategies
A
- Understand
- Acknowledge or (admit) the prolem
- Do not hide
- No embarrassment
- No shyness (even mentioned in religion)
- Determination to solve the problem
- Plan and discuss with others
- Apply the plan for solution
- Evaluate, and reapply if necessary
2
Q
AIDS
A
- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- (AIDS) has become one of the most difficult issues that safety and health professionals are likely to face.
- AIDS and various related conditions are caused when humans become infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
- This virus attacks the human immunity system
- rendering the body incapable of repelling disease causing micro organisms
3
Q
AIDS History
A
The AIDS epidemic
- officially announce on June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made a declaration about it
- It was a terrible nightmare specially in the USA and Europe
4
Q
World AIDS Updates
A
- HIV disease continues to be a serious health issue for parts of the world.
- There were about 2.1 million new cases of HIV in 2015.
- About 36.7 million people are living with HIV around the world,
- As of June 2016, 17 million people living with HIV were receiving medicines to treat HIV,
- An estimated 1.1 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2015.
- Sub-Saharan Africa, which bears the heaviest burden of HIV/AIDS worldwide, accounts for 65% of all new HIV infections.
- Other regions significantly affected by HIV/AIDS include:
- Asia and the Pacific,
- Latin America and the Caribbean,
- Eastern Europe and Central Asia
- 78 million [69.5 million–87.6 million] people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic
- 35 million [29.6 million–40.8 million] people have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic
5
Q
Symptoms (marks,أعراض) of AIDS
A
- Enlarged lymph nodes that persist الغدد الليمفاوية
- Persistent (continuous)fevers
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Diarrhea that does not respond to standard medication
- Purplish spots on the skin or in the mouth
- White, cheesy coating on the tongue
- Night sweats
- Forgetfulness
6
Q
AIDS transmission (spread or transfer)
A
- Sexual contact
- Blood transfer or contact
- Mother to child during pregnancy or child birth (another form of blood contact between the mother and her child)
7
Q
AIDS - high risk people
A
- Homosexual men who do not take appropriate precautions
- drug users who share needles
- People with a history of multiple blood transfusions (transfer) or blood product transfusions
- Sexually unrestricted people (who have lots of sexual contacts with different partners) who do not take appropriate precautions
8
Q
Ways that DO NOTtransmit AIDS
A
- AIDS is a blood borne, primarily sexually transmitted disease.
- It is not spread by casual contact in schools, workplaces,
- public washrooms,
- restaurants.
- It is not spread via handshakes,
- social kissing,
- coughs, sneezes,
- drinking fountains,
- swimming pools,
- toilet facilities,
- eating utensils (tools such as dishes knives, spoon, fork)
- office equipment, or
- by being next to an infected person.
- No cases of AIDS have been reported from food being either handled or served by an infected person in an eating establishment
- AIDS is not spread by giving blood. New needles and transfusion equipment are used for every donor.
- AIDS is not spread by mosquitoes or other insects.
- AIDS is not spread by sexual contact between uninfected individuals if an exclusive sexual relation has been maintained.
9
Q
AIDS in the workplace
A
The first step in dealing with AIDS at the company level is to develop a comprehensive AIDS policy.
Employers are feeling the impact of AIDS in:
- increased insurance and health care costs
- time on the job losses,
- decreased productivity,
- AIDS related lawsuits (court cases),
- increased stress, and
- related problems that result from misconceptions (misunderstanding) about AIDS.
10
Q
AIDS & Blood borne policy (employee rights)
The policy should cover the following areas at a minimum:
A
- Treat HIV-positive employees compassionately (kindly),
- allowing them to work as long as they perform their jobs.
- Make reasonable allowances to accommodate the HIV-positive employee.
- Ensure that HIV-positive employees have access to private health insurance that covers the effect of AIDS.
- Include provisions for evaluating the work skills of employees to determine if there has been any degradation (decreasing)of ability caused by the disease.
- Testing
- Education
The primary purpose is to convey (communicate, give) basic knowledge and eliminate unnecessary fear among coworkers
11
Q
Testing
A
•presence of HIV antibodies means that a person has been infected with the virus. There is a growing body of support for mandatory testing.
12
Q
Education
A
It is important to have an ongoing education program to keep employees up to date and knowledgeable
13
Q
AIDS testing
A
- Civil suits: An employer cannot discriminate against an employee who has a communicable disease.
- Company policy: Companies should have an AIDS policy that contains a testing component that includes
- a strong rationale, procedures to be followed,
- employee groups to be tested,
- the use and dissemination (spread) of results,
- Ensuring the accuracy of an HIV antibody test requires two different tests,
- one for initial screening, and one for confirmation.
- The screening test used is the ELISA(enzyme linked immunosorbentassay) test.
- The confirmation test is the IFA(immuno-florescent) or the Western blot test. The ELISA test is relatively accurate, but is susceptible to both false positive and false negative tests.
14
Q
AIDS education
A
A well planned AIDS education program can serve several purposes:
- It can give management the facts needed to develop policy and make informed decisions with regard to AIDS
- It can result in changes in behavior that will make employees less likely to contract or spread the disease
- It can prepare management and employees to respond appropriately when a worker falls victim to the disease
- It can decrease the likelihood of legal problems resulting from an inappropriate response to an AIDS related issue.
- Consequently, safety and health professionals should be prepared to participate in developing AIDS education programs.
15
Q
Counseling (advise)infected employees
A
The employee who learns that he or she has AIDS will be angry, frightened, and confused. Safety and health professionals who are faced with such an employee should proceed as follows:
- Listen
- Maintain a nonjudgmental (neutral)attitude (specially about the way he/she got infected)
- Make the employee aware of the company’s policy on AIDS
- Respond in accordance with the company’s policy
