Chapter 4 Flashcards
Ergonomic definition
The scientific study of people and their working conditions, especially done in order to improve effectiveness
Ergonomics: definition and origins
- Ergonomics is derived from the Greek language: Ergonmeans workand Nomosmeans laws, so ergonomics means work laws.
- In practice, it means gathering scientific principles to minimize the physical stress (الاجهاد البدني) at work, which helps in increasing the quality and productivity
Ergonomics involves the following:
- Using special design and evaluation techniques to make tasks, objects, and environments more compatible(suitable)with human abilities and limitations.
- Seeking to improve productivity and quality by:
- reducing workplace stress (إجهاد )(nervous feeling, worried)
- reducing the risk of injuries and illnesses, and
- increasing efficiency
Posture(position, situation)
- The position that your body is in, when you sit, stand, or walk or وضع الجسد
- The way in which someone usually holds his or her shoulders, neck, and back,
- or a particular position in which someone stands, sits, etc.:
Human Factors
a profession (a job)to help ensure that equipment and systems are safe and easy to operate by human beings
- Human Factors is a profession (a job)to help ensure that equipment and systems are safe and easy to operate by human beings.
- They do this task as follows:
- predesign analysis
- prelimnary design
- detail design and development
- test and evaluation
predesign analysis
Human factors professionals conduct research to determine what factors contribute to fatigue(extreme tireness) (تعب). and stress and how designers can overcome these factors
Preliminary (first, primary) Design
•Human factors professionals study machine and human capabilities(skills)to determine which tasks should be undertaken manually and which should be automated.
Detail Design and Development:
•Human factors professionals define the environment required for
- safety operation,
- enhanced operator performance, and
- the reduction or prevention of operator stress and fatigue (extremetireness) (تعب).
Test and Evaluation
Human factors professionals testactual humans while using the prototype(model)equipment or system
Human Factors and Safety
•How the science of human factors reduce (make less)product & workplace hazards:
- Hazard elimination by design
- Provision and location of safety devices
- Provision of warning devices
- Establishment of procedures/provision of traning
Hazard elimination (إزالة)by design
•Intelligent design can reduce human error by providing controls that are simple to understand and operate.
Provision (supply)and location of safety devices
Design and location of safety devices such as emergency cutoff switches can reduce human error on the job, resulting in reducing the chances of an accident.
Provision(supply) of warning devices
- Color, location, and wording of warning devices; and
- volume of warning signals
- and video displays
are all important factors in reducing the likelihood of a human error that might lead to an accident
Establishment of procedures/provision of training
•When hazards cannot be designed out of a system, administrative procedures for hazard reduction must be established and training related to those procedures must be provided.
Factors Associated With Physical Stress
- Sitting versus standing: Generally speaking, sitting is less stressful than standing (but not necessarily in all cases).
- Large versus small demand for strength/ power: Jobs that demand large amounts of strength/power are generally more stressful than those that require less
- Non repetitive versus repetitive motion: Repetition can lead to monotony (same) and is boring (ممل). When this happens the potential for physical stress increases.
- Absence versus presence of negative environmental factors: The more environmental factors, the more stressful the job. (personal protective equipment reduce environmental hazards, but increase the amount of physical stress).
OSHA Voluntary (ختياري) ) Ergonomic Guidelines
This program amounts to assigning (giving) responsibility for ergonomics to individual and informing employees about the risks of MSD(musculoskeletal disorders اضطراب الجهاز العضلي الهيكلي) related injuries, symptoms of such injuries and why early reporting of symptoms (signs,الأعراض) is important.
OSHA Voluntary Ergonomic Guidelines
the basic program requires employers to
establish a system that employees can use to report symptoms of MSD injuries
