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Microbiology Exam 4 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

Compounds that destroy microbes or inhibit their growth within host
Most are antibiotics

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2
Q

Antibiotics

A

Microbial products or their derivatives that kill susceptible microbes or inhibit their growth

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3
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Working with dyes developed concept of selective toxicity.

Something that shows more or only toxicity towards bacterial strain not human cells

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4
Q

Gerhard Domagk (1935)

A

Prontosil red. This dye was selectively toxic only in vivo not in VITRO.

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5
Q

Jaques and Therese Trefouel (1935)

A

Prontosil red is broken down by the human body and it releases sulfanilamide

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6
Q

Class of drugs called sulfonamides or sulfa drugs

A

sulfanilamide

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7
Q

Penicillin

A

Ernest Duchesne

Some molds kill bacteria

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8
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Observed penicillin activity on contaminated plate

Was never further developed because he was an ass

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9
Q

Florey and Chain

A

Took the mold and purified it.

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10
Q

Streptomycin

A

an antibiotic active against tuberculosis, was discovered by Selman Waksman

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11
Q

Selman Waksman

A

Streptomycin

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12
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while not damaging host (or doing very little damage)

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13
Q

Therapeutic dose

A

Drug level in the body required for clinical treatment

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14
Q

Toxic dose

A

Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient (i.e. produces side effects)

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15
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

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16
Q

Side effects

A

undesirable effects of drugs on host cells

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17
Q

Narrow-spectrum drugs

A

attack only a few different pathogens

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18
Q

Broad-spectrum drugs

A

attack many different pathogens

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19
Q

Bacteriocidal drug

A

kills microbes

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20
Q

Bacteriostatic drug

A

inhibits growth of microbes

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21
Q

Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity

A

MIC
Kirby Bauer
E-test MIC

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22
Q

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

Lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen

23
Q

Disk Diffusion Tests

A

Observe zones of clearing

24
Q

Kirby-Bauer Method

A

Standardized method for disk diffusion test

Zones of clearing

25
Q

The E Test

A

Combination of disk diffusion method and MIC

26
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs Target:

A
  1. cell wall synthesis
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Metabolic antagonists (folic acid biosynthesis)
27
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

A

Penicillins
(β-lactam antibiotics)
Blocks the enzyme that catalyzes transpeptidation

28
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

A

Cephalosporins

β-lactam antibiotics

29
Q

Tetracyclines

A

protein synthesis inhibitor

binds to 30 S

30
Q

Antiviral Drugs

A

Viruses use host machinery for replication

Drugs used inhibit virus-specific enzymes

31
Q

Tamiflu

A

Anti-influenza agent

32
Q

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

A

Large group, all with a cyclohexane ring, amino sugars

Bind to 30s

33
Q

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition

A

Block DNA replication: Inhibition of DNA polymerase and helicase
Block transcription: by inhibiting RNA polymerase

34
Q

Drugs not as selectively toxic as other antibiotics because there is less of a difference in the way bacteria and eukaryotes synthesize nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition

35
Q

Metabolic Antagonists

A

Molecules that are structurally similar to naturally occurring metabolic intermediates

36
Q

Metabolic Antagonists

A

Antagonize or block functioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key enzymes

37
Q

Folic acid biosynthesis inhibitors

A

Bacteria have to synthesize their own folic acid, humans cannot do this and must take it up in their diet

38
Q

Current Antiviral Drugs

A

virus-specific enzymes like:
Reverse transcriptase
Protease
Helicase

39
Q

Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors

A

Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs

Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

40
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

mimic peptide bond

41
Q

Fusion inhibitors

A

Prevent HIV entry into cells

42
Q

Vaccine

A

Preparation of microbial antigens used to induce protective immunity

43
Q

Immunization

A

Body produces antibodies and activated T cells to protect host from future infection

44
Q

Adjuvant

A
  • Substance mixed with antigens in vaccines to enhance the rate and degree of immunization
  • Can be any nontoxic material that prolongs antigen interaction with immune cells and stimulates the immune response to the antigen
45
Q

Vaccine material used

A

Killed cells
Living or weakened microbes
inactivated toxins

46
Q

When should vaccination begin?

A

around two months old

47
Q

Most vaccines:

A

consist of two microbes that are either inactivated (killed) or attenuated (live but avirulent)

48
Q

attenuated

A

live but avirulent

49
Q

gold-standard problems

A

People have weak immune systems
attenuated strains may be live
You need multiple boosters

50
Q

Use of purified molecules

A

avoids some of the risks of whole-cell vaccines

51
Q

Sunbit vaccine forms:

A
  • Capsular polysaccharides
  • Surface antigens
  • Inactivated exotoxins (toxoids)
52
Q

Andrew Wakefield

A

vaccine and autism

53
Q

MMR vaccine

A

Vaccine contains three attenuated virus strains

54
Q

Thimerosal

A

Used as a preservative

Claimed to cause autism

Microbiology Exam 4 (3 decks)

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