Lecture 9

Question 1

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

Answer 1

Compounds that destroy microbes or inhibit their growth within host
Most are antibiotics

Question 2

Antibiotics

Answer 2

Microbial products or their derivatives that kill susceptible microbes or inhibit their growth

Question 3

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 3

Working with dyes developed concept of selective toxicity.

Something that shows more or only toxicity towards bacterial strain not human cells

Question 4

Gerhard Domagk (1935)

Answer 4

Prontosil red. This dye was selectively toxic only in vivo not in VITRO.

Question 5

Jaques and Therese Trefouel (1935)

Answer 5

Prontosil red is broken down by the human body and it releases sulfanilamide

Question 6

Class of drugs called sulfonamides or sulfa drugs

Answer 6

sulfanilamide

Question 7

Penicillin

Answer 7

Ernest Duchesne

Some molds kill bacteria

Question 8

Alexander Fleming

Answer 8

Observed penicillin activity on contaminated plate

Was never further developed because he was an ass

Question 9

Florey and Chain

Answer 9

Took the mold and purified it.

Question 10

Streptomycin

Answer 10

an antibiotic active against tuberculosis, was discovered by Selman Waksman

Question 11

Selman Waksman

Answer 11

Streptomycin

Question 12

Selective toxicity

Answer 12

Ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while not damaging host (or doing very little damage)

Question 13

Therapeutic dose

Answer 13

Drug level in the body required for clinical treatment

Question 14

Toxic dose

Answer 14

Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient (i.e. produces side effects)

Question 15

Therapeutic index

Answer 15

Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

Question 16

Side effects

Answer 16

undesirable effects of drugs on host cells

Question 17

Narrow-spectrum drugs

Answer 17

attack only a few different pathogens

Question 18

Broad-spectrum drugs

Answer 18

attack many different pathogens

Question 19

Bacteriocidal drug

Answer 19

kills microbes

Question 20

Bacteriostatic drug

Answer 20

inhibits growth of microbes

Question 21

Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity

Answer 21

MIC
Kirby Bauer
E-test MIC

Question 22

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 22

Lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen

Question 23

Disk Diffusion Tests

Answer 23

Observe zones of clearing

Question 24

Kirby-Bauer Method

Answer 24

Standardized method for disk diffusion test

Zones of clearing

Question 25

The E Test

Answer 25

Combination of disk diffusion method and MIC

Question 26

Antimicrobial Drugs Target:

Answer 26

1. cell wall synthesis 2. Protein synthesis 3. Nucleic acid synthesis 4. Metabolic antagonists (folic acid biosynthesis)

Question 27

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

Answer 27

Penicillins (β-lactam antibiotics) Blocks the enzyme that catalyzes transpeptidation

Question 28

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

Answer 28

Cephalosporins | β-lactam antibiotics

Question 29

Tetracyclines

Answer 29

protein synthesis inhibitor | binds to 30 S

Question 30

Antiviral Drugs

Answer 30

Viruses use host machinery for replication | Drugs used inhibit virus-specific enzymes

Question 31

Tamiflu

Answer 31

Anti-influenza agent

Question 32

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Answer 32

Large group, all with a cyclohexane ring, amino sugars | Bind to 30s

Question 33

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition

Answer 33

Block DNA replication: Inhibition of DNA polymerase and helicase Block transcription: by inhibiting RNA polymerase

Question 34

Drugs not as selectively toxic as other antibiotics because there is less of a difference in the way bacteria and eukaryotes synthesize nucleic acids

Answer 34

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition

Question 35

Metabolic Antagonists

Answer 35

Molecules that are structurally similar to naturally occurring metabolic intermediates

Question 36

Metabolic Antagonists

Answer 36

Antagonize or block functioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key enzymes

Question 37

Folic acid biosynthesis inhibitors

Answer 37

Bacteria have to synthesize their own folic acid, humans cannot do this and must take it up in their diet

Question 38

Current Antiviral Drugs

Answer 38

virus-specific enzymes like: Reverse transcriptase Protease Helicase

Question 39

Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors

Answer 39

Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs | Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

Question 40

Protease inhibitors

Answer 40

mimic peptide bond

Question 41

Fusion inhibitors

Answer 41

Prevent HIV entry into cells

Question 42

Vaccine

Answer 42

Preparation of microbial antigens used to induce protective immunity

Question 43

Immunization

Answer 43

Body produces antibodies and activated T cells to protect host from future infection

Question 44

Adjuvant

Answer 44

- Substance mixed with antigens in vaccines to enhance the rate and degree of immunization - Can be any nontoxic material that prolongs antigen interaction with immune cells and stimulates the immune response to the antigen

Question 45

Vaccine material used

Answer 45

Killed cells Living or weakened microbes inactivated toxins

Question 46

When should vaccination begin?

Answer 46

around two months old

Question 47

Most vaccines:

Answer 47

consist of two microbes that are either inactivated (killed) or attenuated (live but avirulent)

Question 48

attenuated

Answer 48

live but avirulent

Question 49

gold-standard problems

Answer 49

People have weak immune systems attenuated strains may be live You need multiple boosters

Question 50

Use of purified molecules

Answer 50

avoids some of the risks of whole-cell vaccines

Question 51

Sunbit vaccine forms:

Answer 51

- Capsular polysaccharides - Surface antigens - Inactivated exotoxins (toxoids)

Question 52

Andrew Wakefield

Answer 52

vaccine and autism

Question 53

MMR vaccine

Answer 53

Vaccine contains three attenuated virus strains

Question 54

Thimerosal

Answer 54

Used as a preservative | Claimed to cause autism