lecture 9 Flashcards
describe hthe sx of hyperthymesia
recall every day of lives(autobiographical content)
no advantages in non-autobiographical content/mental tasks
newly discoverend
memory errors explanation
memory network explination
each memory is connected to anoter memory which are storage specific BUT nothign seprates content on memory from each other
connections serve as
retrivial paths
shared connections make a memory less
distinguishable
why are memories connected
they are part of that memory
inclusion errors
ex: beach trip memory and family reunion
memory share connections, so intrusions can arise (here,
the family reunion took place during summer break) 10
other knowledge seems into the remembered event
semantic knowledge
knowledge describing what is typical in a given situation
whta do schemas help us with/ and dont help us with?
pros: remember what happened first
errors:
chema of the dentist might include waiting rooms with magazines
* With this general knowledge, you regularize the memory of this
particular event and remember magazines that weren’t there
Misinformation effect
ex: me lyign and then later i only remember the lie instead of the truth
hear misleadining info, time passes, false info is inf=corperated into the memory
implanted memory
entire events can be implanted into memory
event implanted in brain so person recalls something that never happened
plausible are easier vs implausible memories
what are some events that cause implanting memories?
can cause ppl to admit crimes they did not do
repition, social pressure, high emotional events like a murder
hypnosis and memory revival?
it reveals long lost memories
memory confidence
what is confidence an indicator of?
memory accuracy
conficende predicts memory accuracy if:
no reliable memory indicators are known
Confidence is influenced by factors beyond the memory itself
o Repetition can increase confidence without changing
accuracy
forgetting
retention interval
amt of time elapsed between learning and subsequent retrivial
pattern of remembering/retention in various intervals and SLOWLY FORGETTING is called
Ebbinghaus forgetting
curve
exponential decay
decay theory of forgetting
memoryies may decade or errode forever
Decay theory of forgetting
interference
learning may disrupt older memories,confuse network connections
Decay theory of forgetting
retrivial failure
Memory is intact but cannot be accessed
* Can be partial (e.g., the tip-of-the-tongue [TOT]
effect
hyponisis does not help people uncover forgotten memories
T or F?
true
The cognitive interview procedure can
diminish forgetting
this includes context reinstatement
put whitness back in mindset they were when event happened
diverse retrivial cues trigger memories
self-reference effect:
tendency to have better memory
for information relevant to oneself
Self-schema:
beliefs/memories about oneself
self refrencing
remember words that refer to mys;ef
fmri findings show
self-referential processing is associated
with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (
describe the pathway memory takes to emotion
emotional event
v
inc activitiy in amygidla promoting cememntation
v
inc activity in hypocampus inc better memory, narroing attn, inc rehersal
v
better consolidation occurs
especially clear and long-
lasting memories for events
are called
are they always accurate?
how are they improved/altered?
flashbulb memories
NO
listening top other ppl’s accounts of the event, new info may change their og account
flashbulb memories
Co-witness contamination
People sometimes “pick up”
new information in these conversations, which will be
absorbed into other witnesses’ memory
36
traumatic memories
describe their charactistics
very vivid, high stress/arousal @ event time, stress interfers w/ retrivial
traumatic memories
describe repression
Some think that traumatic memories can be “lost” and
then “recovered”
o Lost memories may be due to ordinary retrieval failure
o Some of the memories reported as “recovered” may be
actually be false memories
o Leading questions and expectations in therapy can
promote this process 37
long term memories are stable or unstable?
when does forgetting occur?
stable over time
after 3 yrs, depends on how well est the memopry was wehn 1st leearned
childhood amnesia
descide ages memories are rememebred or forgotten:
3-4
10-30
very few memories
10-30 is most remembered memories called resistend bump, very stong easy to remember
general memories
Certain principles of autobiographical
memory reflect more general memory
principles
o All memories depend on connections
* Formation of schemata from individual
memory episodes
* Potential for intrusion errors and
susceptibility to misinformation
o Importance of rehearsal
– Other principles of autobiographical
memory may be distinct: the role of
emotion in shaping autobiographical
memory may be less applicable to other
kinds of memory
