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Sherry ANBI 411 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Brambell Report?

A

“We accept that animals can experience emotions such as rage, fear, apprehension, frustration and pleasure.”

Freedom for fear and distress by ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering

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2
Q

What is the definition of fear (state)?

A

An emotional response to the perception of immediate danger.

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3
Q

What is the definition of fearfulness (trait)?

A

A characteristic of an individual, susceptibility to fear.

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4
Q

How is fear experienced within different individuals?

A

-All individuals can experience fear
-Some individuals are more fearful than others

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5
Q

What are the two types of stress and what do they mean?

A

Eustress: good - motivates us (excitement exercise)
Distress: bad
* some stress is unavoidable
* manageable levels can increase resilience

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6
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A reaction to a potential threat

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7
Q

What is frustration?

A

An inability to achieve a desired goal. Can result in anger, annoyance, disappointment

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8
Q

What does fear and anxiety equal?

A

stressors
* primary emotions affecting animal welfare
* Responses: physiological and behavioural reactions - preparing the animal to respond
* Individuals vary in fearfulness: affected by genes & experience

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9
Q

What controls the stress response?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System / Neuroendocrine

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10
Q

What are the two main responses (axes) for the stress response?

A

*Sympathetic - Adrenal- Medullary (SAM)
- Fight or Flight: epinephrine, norepinephrine (happens immediately)
*Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA)
- CRH -> ACTH -> Glucocorticoid (eg. cortisol in humans and pigs, corticosterone in poultry and rodents)

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11
Q

What is the Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM)?

A

Rapid neural response:
* Adrenaline (from adrenal medulla)
* Noradrenaline (adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves)

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12
Q

What are different effects of the sympathetic division on our bodies?

A

-Dilates pupil
-No effect on tear glands
-Weak stimulation of salivary flow
-Accelerates heart, constricts arterioles
-Dilates bronchi
-Inhibits stomach motility and secretion, inhibits pancreas and adrenals
-Inhibits intestinal motility
-Relaxes bladder

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13
Q

What are different effects of the parasympathetic division on our bodies?

A

-Constricts pupil
-Stimulates tear glands
-Strong stimulation of salivary flow
-Inhibits heart, dilates arterioles
-Constricts bronchi
-Stimulates stomach motility and secretion, stimulates pancreas
-Stimulates intestinal motility
-Contracts bladder
-Stimulates erection

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14
Q

What is fear and what is the function of fear?

A
  • Fear is a negative emotion that is adaptive: fear responses protect the animal from injury.
  • Function: animals in the wild benefit from fear. Increased awareness/vigilance, protection from/avoidance of predation
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15
Q

What are 3 behavioural responses to fear?

A
  • Aggression
  • Avoidance/escape
  • Freezing
    Stress response provides energy to cope
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16
Q

What is the difference for fear in domectic environments?

A

Fear is less adaptive in domestic environments

17
Q

What are the two types of fear and what are some examples of issues they cause in animals?

A
  • Acute fear: poultry piling, claw injuries, suffocation
  • Chronic fear, anxiety: reduced growth, feed conversion reduced reproduction
18
Q

How do intensive systems negatively effect stress levels in animals?

A
  • Controlled, predictable environment - leads to overreaction
  • Tried not to mix pigs or move pigs, however, created an overreaction when something did need to happen
19
Q

What are some consenquences of fear (acute and chronic) in domestic animals?

A
  • Energy wastage, reduced growth
  • Delayed maturation
  • Poor reproduction
  • Handling stress, injury
  • Injury, pain, weak immunity
  • Increased death loss/disease susceptibility
20
Q

What is the Novel Object Test (NOT)

A
  • Behavioural test (best to do with neophobic animals (Fear of new things))
  • Assesses fear and exploratory behaviour directed towards a ‘novel object’
  • Animals tested singly or in groups
  • ‘Novel object’ is introduced into the centre of the pen
  • Less fearful animals are faster to approach and make contact
  • Measurements: latency of approach (time) and number of contacts or number of individuals that makes contact
21
Q

What is the Human Approach Test (HAT)?

A
  • Behavioural test
  • Measures level of fear associated with humans
  • Handler enter the pen and remains stationary
  • Less fearful animals are faster to approach and make contact - problems with defensiveness, aggression (attacks) or not caring (won’t approach)
  • Measurements (time, objective)
22
Q

What is the Novel Arena test (NAT)?

A
  • AKA ‘Open Field Test’
  • Measure fear and exploratory behaviour in a novel arena
  • Animal enters the pen nd is observed over set time period
  • Rodents’ entry into the centre squares indicates lack of fear (they like to be near wall)
  • Increased defecation rate: increase rate under stress
23
Q

How did the fear of people assessed in dairy cows affect them?

A
  • Fear responses reduced with increased contact between stockperson and cows
  • Introverted, confident stockpersons had calmer, more productive cows
  • Presence of averisive handler (who hit or used a prod on cows over a 5-day period) increased the residual milk (milk not collected at milking) - she wasn’t delivering as much milk with aversive handler
24
Q

What is vigilence behaviour in dairy cows?

A
  • evolved for detection and avoidance of predators
  • now used to measure fear
  • Time spent ‘vigilant’ (head up/not eating)
  • in novel location, in presenceof a dog, with aversive handler
25
Q

What are other behavioural tests for measuring fear?

A

Tonic immobility in poultry
* ‘death feigning’ or ‘playing possum’
* parasympathetic response
* flipping chickens over (freeze)
Startle/freeze response
* time to resume activity following startle (e.g. loud noise)
Eye white in cattle
Elevated plus maze
* Exploration of open maze arms

26
Q

What drug is the elevated plus maze used for?

A

Used in testing of anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) drugs. e.g. diazepam

27
Q

What are some physiological measures of fear and stress?

A
  • Respiration rate
  • Heart rate (BPM)
  • Epinephrine, norepinephrine (SAM)
  • ACTH, Cortisol (HPA)
  • CPK (CK): creatine kinase in blood - released from muscle following strain or bruising
  • Blood lactate: physical exertion, product of anaerobic glycolysis
  • Glucose: in blood, glycogen: in muscle or liver
28
Q

What is cortisol and why can it be hard to interpret?

A

Most commonly used physiological measure of ‘welfare’.
Results are inconsistent because:
* levels are not constant: follows “diurnal rhythm”
* increases in response to excitement and stress
* different effects of acute vs chronic stress
* high individual variation - associated with temperament
* sampling process causes stress - affecting results

29
Q

How does cortisol levels change with dehorning?

A
  • dehorning with no anaesthetic caused high cortisol levels
  • dehorning with anaesthetic caused same cortisol levels as just handling
30
Q

How does stress (both long and short term) affect meat quality?

A

Acute stress:
* increase temperature, lower pH
* lighter colour, increased drip loss
* leads to PSE meat (pale, soft, exudative) in pork
Longer-term stress - fatigue
* depletes energy stores in muscle
* leads to DFD meat (dark, firm, dry) in cattle

31
Q

How do we alleviate fear and stress?

A

Use both adapting the environment and changing the animal:
* environmental enrichment: reduce neophobia (fear of unusual things
* regular human interaction: positive handling
* selective breeding: cull “wild” or fearful animals

Sherry ANBI 411 (32 decks)

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