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Sherry ANBI 411 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a social bond and give examples

A

Mutual, affectionate, emotional attachment between 2 individuals that is relatively long lasting and survives temporary seperations - talking about friendships
ex. affiliative behaviour: allogrooming, resting in contact, play, synchronized activities, greeting following temporary seperation

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2
Q

How do social bonds impact physiology?

A

Physiological effects involved with social bonds moderating HPA Axis
* Reductions in heart rate
* Reduction in cortisol, noradrenaline
* Improved immune functioning
* Cardiac function
* Endorphin release

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3
Q

What did the study in primates discover in friendships?

A
  • Fitness benefits including increased survival rates, including infants
  • Reproductive success
  • Friendship based on similarity in personalities
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4
Q

Breaking social bonds in humans results in…

A

Behavioural response first then physiological response

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5
Q

In animals, seperation is a bond breakage but motivation to reunite which causes…

A
  • Locomotion
  • Vocalization
  • Depression
    Benefit: noise and locomotion to bring them back
    Risk: can attract predators, increase release of cortisol, effect on immune function and socialization
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6
Q

What are the responses to short-term parent-young seperation?

A

Response differs depending on species:
* Rabbits: not stressed (altricial)
* Lambs: very stressed (precocial)

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7
Q

What are the responses to long-term separation?

Note that says link cortisol to immunity on exam important

A
  • May adapt
  • May show grief: unresponsiveness, listlessness, headhanging, sunken eyes, cognitive impairment, depressed immunity
  • Shown by humans, elephants, primates, geese, whales
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8
Q

How do Rheas (a big bird) and geese/pigeons differ in parental offspring care?

A
  • Father is responsible for care (Rhea)
  • Both genders care for young (geese and pigeons)
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9
Q

What were the results for the strength of bond between calf and mother?

A

Seperated by fence but allowed access (head and neck of calf remain in contact (barrier) but cow could touch and hear)
* bond with calf remained
Seperated by fence but strange calf suckles (cow hobbled, calf behind barrier and strange calf suckled, could still head and see her calf)
* bond with own calf remained
Separated by fence, but stranged calf suckles (own calf removed, new calf suckles)
* formed a new bond with new calf, no bond with own calf

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10
Q

How is litter size in piglets related to strength of attachment?

A

Inversely related
* the more babies there are the weaker the bond is

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11
Q

True or false: there is no difference in aggression between mothers and daughters compared to unrelated cattle

A

False - there is less aggression

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12
Q

Give two examples of how siblings show bonds.

A
  • Lambs housed with twins showed less distress when separated from ewe
  • Litter size likely affects strength of bond between siblings (negative relationship - more siblings = weaker bonds)
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13
Q

Give four examples of friendships in animals.

A
  • Primates - friends can reduce depression and improve health under bond breakage
  • Communal nesting in pigs
  • Allowing unrelated animals to suckle
  • allowgrooming in horses
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14
Q

In nature why do bonds break?

A
  • death
  • separated from pack
  • getting kicked out of the herd
  • weaning
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15
Q

What are some natural weaning techniques?

A
  • Frequency of suckling reduced
  • Aggression
  • Mother walks away
  • Milk volume reduces
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16
Q

What does it mean when an animal leaves their natal group?

A

Animals moving from their birth group to their new breeding or reproductive groups - if moving a far distance, bonds with original group break (in horses - between 1 and 4 years)

17
Q

What are other permanent separations that cause broken bonds?

A
  • Sale
  • Division of growing group numbers
  • Slaughter
  • Removal of sick animals
18
Q

What are some other temporary separations that cause broken bonds?

A
  • Breeding
  • Health checks
  • Foot care
  • Horseback riding
  • Grooming
19
Q

How does separation distress cause permanent physiological effects?

A
  • Permanent changes to corticotrophin releasing hormone gene expression
  • Higher levels of CRH and proliferation of the CRH receptors
  • Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis becomes more sensitive
20
Q

Can dogs develop an understanding if separations happen repeatedly and are not traumatic?

A

Maybe

21
Q

What is a stressor in terms of moving animals from one group to another?

A
  • Redevelopment of dominance - aggression (cost for immune function, production)
  • New and unfamiliar individuals or isolation
  • CHanges in group size
  • New location
  • Changes in environment
  • Breaking of bonds
22
Q

What changes happen after early weaning that cause more stress?

A
  • Breaking bond with mother-offspring
  • removes the ability of the mother to teach the young specific things
  • Abrupt change in diet
  • No allowance for suckling behaviour (comfort)
23
Q

Substitutions for reducing stress

A
  • Teat for non-nutritive suckling
  • Handling of goats
  • No auditory stimuli of dam (makes it worse)
  • Music for young chicks
  • Mirror for chicks and cattle
24
Q

What are the genetic differences between dairy and beef cattle?

A

Dairy cattle
* young removed within 24 hours (weaned from mother at this time)
* less distressed by calf separation than beef
* more tolerant to adopting other calves

Beef cattle
weaning in beef cattle is 4-6 months
* extensicve management
* strong bonds between mother and young
* preference to rear own calf

25
Q

Does physical removal of the young remove the behavioural activities of the young?

A

No it does not
* calves often attempt to suckle other body parts of penmates - soreness and infection
* urine dringking
* piglets ‘bellynose’ stereotypy
* piglets ear and tail chewing

26
Q

What happens if there is death of a group member?

A

mourning behaviour (elephants and primates)
* remaining with the dead after group has left
* revisiting
* investigating bones

chickens and pigs may consume the dead

27
Q

What are some weaning techniques?

A
  • family pen systems for pigs (does not break mother-young bonds)
  • management system that allow short periods of separatioin help minimize distress (get-away penning for pigs)
  • allowing contact across fence
  • use of nose paddles in calves

Sherry ANBI 411 (32 decks)

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