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102 Growth & Development > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a reporter gene

A

attaches to the regulatory sequence of of another gene of interest in bacteria, animals or plants

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2
Q

Why is GM advantageous for plant breeding

A

can move genes between species without any restriction

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3
Q

What are the types of plant breeding methods

A

artificial selection
vegetative propagation
marker assisted breeding

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4
Q

What is artificial selection

A

The breeding of selected organisms to produce strains with desired traits

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5
Q

what is the advantage of hybridization

A

used by breeders to introduce new genes

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6
Q

Where did modern maize originate

A

product of artificial selection

- Teosinte

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7
Q

Where was corn first domesticated

A

central America

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8
Q

What are the advantages of the modern corn

A

larger cob
larger kernel size
permanent attachment of seeds to cob
encasement of entire cob by tough husk

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9
Q

What plants were derived from the wild mustard

A 
cabbage
Brussels sprouts
kale
broccoli
kohlrabi
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10
Q

What was the cabbage selected for

A

selection for apical bud

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11
Q

What was the broccoli selected for

A

selected for the flowers and stems

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12
Q

What was the kohlrabi selected for

A

selection for the stems

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13
Q

What was the kale selected for

A

selection for leaves

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14
Q

What was the Brussels sprouts selected for

A

selection for axillary buds

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15
Q

Who is Norman Borlaug

A

Nobel Prize winner 1970 and father of the green revolution

- researched GA genes

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16
Q

What initiated the green revolution of the 20th century

A

increased use of fertilizer

introduction of semidwarf (GA mutants) varieties of grains

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17
Q

What were the advantages of the semi dwarf varieties

A

put more energy into seed production than stem growth

are sturdier; less likely to fall over

18
Q

What is marker assisted breeding

A
  • use DNA makers linked to desired traits to aid selection of individual plants in breeding program
    eg. Red-fleshed apple trait is associated with a particular PCR band
19
Q

What makes the red fleshed apple different from the white fleshed apple

A

red fleshed variety has a larger promoter region than white fleshed variety

  • larger PCR band always present in red fleshed varieties
  • amplification of MYB10 promoter region; used in breeding program to select plants at the seedling stage; more space in the orchard as other plants can be discarded
20
Q

What is vegetative propagation

A

is the asexual propagation of plant through tissue culture, cuttings and/or grafting. It allows for propagation of clones (genetically identical) of superior varieties of plants, or of plants that are sterile.

  • test tube cloning and plant tissue culture (orchids and calla lilies)
21
Q

What are common examples of plants propagated vegetatively from cuttings

A
  • most house plants
  • woody ornamentals
  • orchard trees
    eg. kiwifruit and apple orchards are made up of identical vines/ trees
22
Q

What type of culture is the best approach to ensure no mutation will occur

A

meristem culture

mutant free propagation

23
Q

true or false; plants arising from organogenesis ad embryogenesis have high frequency of mutations termed somaclonal variation

A

true

24
Q

What do you call the mutations that arise from organogenesis and embryogenesis

A

somaclonal variation

25
Q

What are the typical applications of plant tissue culture

A
  • propagation of superior cultivars by meristem culture eg. orchids
  • pathogen removal from plants by meristem culture eg. virus free potato plants
  • embryo rescue to generate new hybrid plants
    eg. sweetpeas
  • production of secondary metabolites in suspension cultures
    eg. ginseng
26
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

regeneration of transgenic plants carrying introduced transgenes

27
Q

What properties of future GM cassava

A
  • increased protein, iron, b-carotene
  • bigger roots
  • reduce cyanide producing chemicals in roots
28
Q

What are ‘smart’ plants

A
  • inform the grower of nutrient deficiencies before damage has occurred
  • a blue tinge indicates when these plants need phosphate containing fertilizer
29
Q

What is golden rice

A
  • a transgenic variety being developed to address vitamin A deficiencies among the worlds’ poor
30
Q

Describe the short history of transgenic plants; 1984, 1984, 1994, 1995

A

1984: first transgenic tobacco plants obtained
1984: roundup resistant petunia plants produced- first commercial phenotype
1994: FlavR SavR tomato cleared for commercial release
1995: roundup ready soybeans released; first successful commercial GM crop

31
Q

What is roundup

A

a herbicide

that kills weeds (unwanted plants)

32
Q

What are pesticides

A

kills animals

33
Q

what are herbicides

A

kills plants

34
Q

What kind of transgenic crops have been developed

A
  • produce proteins to defend them against insect pests
  • tolerate herbicides
  • resist specific diseases
35
Q

Give an example of a pest resistant crop and what made it resistant

A

insect resistance with BT gene

- used commercially in corn and cotton to give insect resistance

36
Q

What are round up ready soybeans

A
  • round up is a non selective herbicide
  • kills weeds
  • round up ready gene expressed constitutively in plants (soybeans, canola) to protect them from the herbicide
37
Q

What is procedure of marker assisted breeding in apples

A
  1. ) extract genomic DNA from apple plants
  2. ) carry out PCR
  3. ) run gel and visualize DNA bands
  4. ) score for the presence or absence of the band
  5. ) identify which seedlings carry out the band associated with red fleshed apple trait
38
Q

What is harvest index

A

proportion of plant that is harvested for consumption

eg.
- cereals, increased size and number
- dwarfing to decrease leaf number and lodging etc..

39
Q

true or false; most crop improvement has been derived from selecting plants with an increased harvest index

A

true

40
Q

What is embryo rescue

A

to generate new hybrids- culture of embryos after fertilization allows survival of hybrids that do not develop into seeds naturally

102 Growth & Development (10 decks)

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