Lecture 9 Flashcards
Reasons to study animal neuroanatomy
- To learn about function from evolution
- For practical reasons
- For ethical reasons
Ependymal cells
Type of glial cell that develop along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and they play a critical role cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis.
Contain cilia
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Demyelination of the nervous system
Frontal lobe damage
M1: contralateral spastic paresis
Premotor cortex: Apraxias
PFC lesions
- Loss of concentration
- Distraction
- Lack of initiative, foresight and perspective
- Apathy
- Suckling and grasp reflexes
Expressive aphasia
- Area in left dominant hemisphere affected
- Damage to Broca’s area produces motor, nonfluent, or expressive aphasia resulting in difficulty to produce expressive speech
Posterior parietal association cortex
- Lesions in dominant hemisphere result in apraxia
- Astereognosia may be present (inability to recognize objects by touch)
- No loss of tactile or proprioceptive sensations
Receptive aphasia
- Inability to comprehend spoken language
- Possible inability to read (alexia)
- Fluent verbalization, that lacks meaning
- Unawareness of the deficit
Hippocampus
Learning, formation, organization and retrieval of memories, involved in mood, attention, spatial navigation
3 major fiber systems of hippocampus
- Angular bundle from EC: perforant path
- Fimbria/fornix to subcortical areas
- Dorsal and ventral commissures link hippocampi
CA regions and layers
- Alveus
- Stratum Oriens
- Stratum Pyramidale
- Stratum Lucidim
- Stratum Radiatum
- Stratum Lacunosum
- Stratum Molecare
Cerebellum
- Fine tuning of movement and muscle coordination
- Lesions result in: tremor with intended movement
Ipsilateral symptoms
Posture, gait or balance affected
Thalamus
- Major relay for ascending tactile, visual, auditory, gustatory information to the neocortex
Hypthalamus
Major hormone control centre.
Hormonal functions include: water balance, hunger, autonomic regulation, thermoregulation, sexual urges
Basal ganglia anatomy
- Striatum: putamen, caudate nucleus
- Globus pallidus: externa and interna
- Substantia Nigra
- Subthalamic nucleus
