Lecture 2

Question 1

Central Nervous System parts

Answer 1

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
• Spinal chord

Question 2

Long fiber tracts

Answer 2

Motor pathway: Corticospinal and Pyramidal tract

Sensory pathway: Spinothalamic tract

Question 3

Three meninges

Answer 3

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid membrane
3. Pia mater

Cerebrospinal fluid in between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

Question 4

Cranial nerves

Answer 4

Olfactory (1) and optic nerve (2) are pure sensory

3-12 related to brain stem

Question 5

3 layers of embryo

Answer 5

Endoderm: forms internal organs
Mesoderm: forms bones and muscles
Ectoderm: forms nervous system and skin

Question 6

Forebrain parts

Answer 6

Telencephalon: forms cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulb, basal ganglia

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 7

White matter systems of the forebrain

Answer 7

• Cortical white matter
• Corpus callosum
• Internal and external capsule (projects to deep structures)
• Anterior and posterior commisure

Question 8

Midbrain parts

Answer 8

• Tectum: superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculus
• Tegmentum: substantia nigra and red nucleus

Question 9

Hindbrain parts

Answer 9

• Cerebellum: movement control
• Pons: switchboard connecting cerebral cortex to cerebellum’
• Cochlear nuclei: projects axons to different structures
• Decussation: crossing of axons from one side to the other
• Locus Coeruleus: noradrenaline
• Raphe Nuclei: serotonin

Question 10

Anencephaly

Answer 10

Disorder where children are born without the forebrain
Blindness, deafness, unconscious.

Question 11

Hypothalamus and endocrine system

Answer 11

The hypothalamus directly influences the anterior part of the pituitary gland which in turn synthesizes and projects a wide variety of hormones

For this reason the hypothalamus is seen as the master controller of the endocrine system

Question 12

Sympathetic division of ANS functions

Answer 12

• Dilates pupil
• Inhibits salivation
• Constricts blood vessels
• Accelerates heartbeat
• Relaxes airways
• Inhibits digestion
• Stimulates secretion of (nor)epinephrine
• Stimulates orgasm

Question 13

Parasympathetic division of ANS function

Answer 13

• Constricts pupils
• Stimulates salivation
• Constricts airways
• Slows heartbeat
• Stimulates digestion
• Stimulates urinary bladder to contract
• Stimulates sexual arousal