Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BL Sem 1 > Lecture 9 & 10 - Glands & Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 9 & 10 - Glands & Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland,? What type of duct does it have and why? Explain sequence of duct.

A
  • Serous gland: store inactive proenzyme
  • Striated duct to prevent water loss (reabsorb Na+ and CI- ions –> hypotonic saliva produced)
    (Acinus –> intercalated duct –> striated duct –> excretory duct)
    AISE

**Parotid gland occurs in pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is mucous acini paler than serous?

A
  • Mucin X bind to H&E

- Need Alcian blue stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compare the type of gland in parotid, submandibular and sublingual gland

A
  • Parotid: almost all serous gland
  • Submandibular: mostly serous, some mucous
  • Sublingual: mostly mucous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of parotid gland? What causes a blockage in parotid gland ducts and what treatment for it?

A
  • Parotid gland secrete saliva
  • Blockage caused by bacterial/viral infection (common) or tumour (rare) –> parotitis & intense pain
  • Treatment w antibiotics and abscess drainage/surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the type of control for salivary gland?

A

Neural control ONLY

*Other digestive secretion is hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Compare the different type of capillary vessels

location, structure, function

A
  1. Continuous: Thick basement membrane, no holes –> prevent leakage (Blood-brain barrier)
  2. Fenestrated: Basement membrane has small holes to allow small molecules to pass through –> small intestine
  3. Sinusoid: Incomplete basement membrane –> spleen/bone marrow/liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to recognise stuff in liver lobule

A
  1. Hepatocytes: 2/3 nuclei
  2. Portal vein: Largest lumen
  3. Hepatic artery: small lumen
  4. Bile duct: darkly stained, small lumen
    N.B Bile duct next to tight junction (X seen on slide, jus saying)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of a pit cell?

A
  • Kill tumour cells that enter sinusoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Kupffer cells and where are they found? Function?

A
  • Found in small gaps btw hepatocytes (look flat, jelly ish w nucleus)
  • Specialised macrophages (80% of all macrophages)
  • Function: Phagocytose dmg/aged RBC that are missed by spleen (recycle RBC –> globin chain re-use, haem broken down to iron, bilirubin to bile)
  • Kupferr cell activation is responsible for early-ethanol induced liver injury
  • In event of splenectomy, they takeover removal of RBC (120 days)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Stellate (Ito) cells function? What happens in liver cirrhosis?

A
  • Store Vit A
  • In L.C, lose ability to store vit A –> differentiate into myofibroblasts –> synthesise/deposit collagen in perisinusoidal space –> liver fibrosis

*Look like one big cell w lipid droplets in btw 2 hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are structural features of hepatocytes?

A
  • Good regenerative ability
  • ⬆️Mitochondria, free ribosome, RER, SER, Golgi & glycogen (darkly staining balls)
  • Binucleated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the liver functions?

Largest exo/endo gland in body

A
  • Storage for iron, vit A, glycogen (& copper)
  • Produce enzymes (ALT/AST), albumin, lipid carrier proteins.
  • Produce IGF, thrombopoietin, angiotensinogen
  • Hemopoiesis in fetus
  • Breakdown drugs, hormones, conjugate bilirubin
  • Bile production
  • Emulsify fats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Desc liver regeneration in 50% (low to mild) dmg, 70% (medium), >70% (severe) dmg

A
  1. Low to mild
    - Due to viral infection & alcohol use
    - 7-8 days
  2. Medium
    - Liver transplant/drug toxicity (paracetamol)
    - 30-40 days
  3. Severe
    - Liver failure/cirrhosis/alcohol misuse
    - Never
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue?

A
  • Cells: fibroblasts
  • Fibres: collagen, elastin
  • Ground sub: proteoglycan

N.B Ground sub + fibre = extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  1. Binding and supporting (holding skin)
  2. Protecting vital organs (bone/fat act as shock absorber)
  3. Separation of tissues (fascia/cartilage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue? Examples

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
    - Known as areolar (little space) tissue
    - Lamina propia in mucosal membrane, submucosa
  2. Dense connective tissue
    - Fibrous/collagenous tissue
    - 2 types: irregular (diff directions) & regular (parallel fibres)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of areolar tissue

A
  • Holds tissues to tissues
  • Allow cell migration
  • Acts as packaging around organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function of fibroblasts. What are myofibroblasts?

A
  • Synthesise fibres (of ground substance)
  • Important in wound healing/scar formation
  • Modified fibroblasts that contain actin and myosin. Responsible for wound contract
    (Ito/stellar cells in liver lose ability to store Vit A and form these during liver cirrhosis, scar tissues)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the function of mast cells? Location?

A
  • Contain:
    i) Histamine (increase blood vessel wall permeability)
    ii) Heparin (anticoagulant)
    iii) Cytokines (attract eosinophils and neutrophils)
  • Found in areolar tissue near blood vessels
  • Coates w IgE –> foreign antigen come in contact –> contents released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are Mast cells not found in the body and why?

A
  • X found in CNS to prevent oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of white adipocytes in loose connective tissue?

A
  • Shock absorber

* difficult to see in H&E stain bcs toluene hydrolysed all lipid. Nucleus usually in periphery

22
Q

What is the func. of brown adipocytes in areolar tissue?

A
  • Very few in adults (shivering)
  • Provide insulation and energy reserve
    (Structure: Multiple small lipid droplets. Nucleus, cytoplasm n organelles squeezed in centre)
23
Q

What is the difference of white and brown adipocytes?

*generated from mesenchymal stem cells/immature fibroblasts

A

White:

  • Single lipid droplet
  • Normal no. of mitochondria
  • Single peripheral nucleus
  • In adults, lipid breakdown is slow and heat generation thru shivering

Brown:

  • Multiple lipid droplets
  • ⬆️mitochondria
  • Single central nucleus
  • Accelerated lipid breakdown, oxidative phos. for heat
24
Q

Desc the types of collagen

A
  • Type I - Most abundant. Aggregate to form fibres and fibre bundles (tendon, dermis, capsules of organs)
  • Type II - X form fibres (hyaline & elastic cartilage)
  • Type III - Form fibres around muslce/nerve cells/lymphatic tissue & lymph. organs/tendons. Called reticulin
  • Type IV - Basement membrane
25
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Complex extracellular structural network that consists of ground sub (proteoglycan/hyaluronic acid) and fibres

26
Q

What are the diff types of fibres in connective tissues and their functions?

A
  • Collagen: Flexible w high tensile strength
    (thicker lines than elastin)
  • Reticulin: Provide supporting framework
    [absent in areolar]
  • Elastin: Allows tissue to recoil after stretch
    (look like small thin lines)
27
Q

Where is loose areolar tissue found and why?

A
  • Beneath epithelia (etc. glands) and around small blood vessels [submucosa of colon]
  • Contain immune cells (macrophages) that can kill pathogens if they breach epithelial layer –> result in areolar tissue to swell (elastin fibres) –> return to ori. size after
28
Q

What is ground substance and what is it made out of?

A
  • Viscous, clear sub. with slippery feel (high water content)
  • Composed of proteoglycans (large macromolecules with core protein that covalently binds to glycosaminoglycans, GAG)
  • GAG is long polypeptide chain–> attract H2O, resists compression
    (Hyaluronic acid eg. of GAG, bound to proteo- form hydrophilic mol.)
29
Q

What is an example of location of irregular dense connective tissue? Why?

A
  • Superficial layer of dermis
  • Resist forces to prevent tearing of skin –> elastic fibres allow degree of stretch

(Have v little ground sub)

30
Q

What is an example of location of REgular dense connective tissue? Why?

A
  • In tendons (connect muscle to bone)

- Provides tremendous physiological stretch

31
Q

What is tendon made out of?

A

30% collagen, 2% elastin, 68% water!

70% collagen I , 30% collagen III (reticulin)

32
Q

What is the diff. & similarities btw irregular and regular dense connective tissue?

A

Both: Contain fibroblasts

Irregular:

  • Collagen I fibres in all directions
  • Resists stress in all directions
  • Deep layer of dermis, deep fascia (covering large muscles)

Regular:

  • Collagen I fibres parallel, resists strength in one direction
  • Tendon. Ligament
33
Q

What is the structure and func. of ligaments?

A
  • Connect bone to bone
  • Regular dense connective tissue
  • Wrapped around irregular dense c.t –> fascicles
34
Q

What is fascia? Function?

Hint: 3 types of fascia = superficial, deep, visceral/parietal

A
  • Made of regular dense connective tissue

- resists tension in one direction

35
Q

Desc collagen fibril production. What is the substance required for collagen prod?

A
  1. Fibroblasts secrete procollagen –> collagen outside cell –> collagen fibrils
  2. Collagen fibrils –> tendon/ligament/bone OR fascia
  • Vit C required for production of procollagen: hydroxylates proline and lysine
  • W/o Vit C collagen production is impaired
36
Q

What is scurvy? What does it cause? Symptoms?

A
  • Deficiency of Vit C
  • Leads to impaired collagen production
  • Symptoms:
    i) Bleeding gums & tooth loss
    ii) Bruising of skin and hair loss
    iiii) Bleeding
    iv) Poor wound healing
    v) Impaired bone dev. in young
37
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome? What is it’s inheritance? Symptoms?

A
  • Autosomal dominant disorder
  • Expression of fibrillin 1 gene is affected –> abnormal elastic tissue
  • Symptoms:
    i) Tall
    ii) arachnodactyly
    iii) frequent joint dislocation
    iv) ⬆️risk of aortic rupture
38
Q

What are some signs of Marfan’s?

A
  • Early onset of cataracts
  • Steinberg Sign: When clenching fist, thumb is visibly popping out the other side
  • Walker-Murdoch Sign: Put hand around wrist, thumb extends out
39
Q

What are elastin fibres? Where are they found?

A
  • Primary component of elastic fibres
  • Surrounded by fibrillin (microfibrils)
  • Found in dermis, artery walls, alveoli
40
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome? Causes what?

A
  • Collagen fibre abnormalities in dermis and tendons

- Cause joint dislocation and skin deformation

41
Q

What is lipomas?

A
  • Benign tumours of adipose tissue

losing weight X decrease size of tumour

42
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta? Mode of inheritance? Results in?

A
  • Brittle bone disease due to mutated collagen fibres results in abnormal structure OR collagen fibres X produced
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Results in:
    i) Weakened bones (fractures common)
    ii) Short stature
    iii) Blue sclera
    iv) Hearing loss
    v) Poor teeth dev.
43
Q

Which layer of arteries is elastin fibres found? What produces them? Are they replaced if damaged?

A
  • Found in tunica media
  • Smooth muscle cell produces elastin, collagen and matrix
    (fibroblasts –> scar tissue)
  • Elastin is formed in fetal dev, X again in adult
44
Q

What happens to elastin COPD?

A
  • COPD is emphysema and chronic bronchitis

- Alveoli elastic fibres is replaced w scar tissue –> permanent widening of air spaces

45
Q

Name 6 types of connective tissue and general func. One similarity of all

A
  1. Blood: transport nutrients and waste products
  2. Adipose: insulation, shock absorber, energy reserve
  3. Areolar: holds tissues to tissues, permit cell migration
  4. Bone: attachment of muscles, protect organs
  5. Cartilage: protection, shock absorber
  6. Dense: connect bone to bone (ligament is dense regular)
  • All derived from mesenchymal stem cell or immature fibroblasts
46
Q

Function of bile

A
  • Emulsify fats to ease breakdown of lipids by lipase

- Aid absorption of lipids and fat sol vit

47
Q

What is the role of bac. in colon?

A
  • Prevent other harmful bac from inhabiting colon
  • Production of vit: K and B12
  • Metabolise harmful products frm digestion of small intestine
48
Q

What prevents bac from invading colonic wall?

A
  • Layer of mucus = bac. X come into contact, prevent inflammation of colonic wall
  • Sentinel cells = secrete mucus
49
Q

Briefly desc what occurs in zones of liver

A

Zone 1:

  • Specialise n oxidative liver func = gluconeogenesis
  • β- oxidation of fats
  • Cholesterol synthesis

Zone 2:

  • Glycolysis
  • Lipogenesis
  • Cytochrome P-450 based drug detoxification

Zone 3:

  • Highest drug detoxification
  • CYP2E1 = ⬆️sensitivity to NAPQI
50
Q

Where is mucous connective tissue found (also known as Wharton’s jelly)? What do they contain?

A

Umbilical cord

  • Fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils (infected pregnancy), hyaluronic acid in ground substance
  • Type I and III collagen
51
Q

How can fibroblasts be identified in C.T?

A

Red staining nuclei

BL Sem 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions