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BL Sem 1 > Lecture 6 - Epithelial Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Epithelial Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Desc. the function and locations of single squamous (flat, bulging nucleus) epithelia cells.

A
  • Fast exchange of materials + act as barrier (blood brain barrier) + tissue lubrication
  • Bowman’s capsule
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2
Q

Desc. function and location of simple cuboidal (width = height) epithelium

A
  • Absorption and secretion (collecting duct)
  • Synthesise thyroglobulin and store in colloid (thyroid gland)
  • Barrier (ovary)
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3
Q

Desc. function and location of simple columnar (height > width) epithelium cells

A
  • Absorption of nutrients (small intestine [microvilli]
  • Movement of lumen contents (small intestine)
  • Lubrication (small intestine & colon)
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4
Q

Desc. function and location of pseudostratified epithelia (nuclei at diff layers)

A
  • Upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity –> bronchioles)

- Involved in mucocilliary escalator: goblet cells secrete mucus (trap pathogen) + cilia beat (removal of pathogen)

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5
Q

Desc. function and location of stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelia (bulging nuclei, multiple layers, outermost is thin squamous)

A
  • Oral cavity, oesophagus, vagina, anal canal
  • Protect against abrasion
  • Reduce water loss, moist
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6
Q

What is a special feature of the stratified squamous epithelia (multiple layers of flattened cells) in the vagina? What is its function?

A
  • Rich in glycogen –> lactic acid–> low pH–> destroy bac. & virus
  • Prevent abrasion
  • Reduce water loss & moistens
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7
Q

Desc. function and location of stratified squamous keratinised epithelia (outermost layer lost nuclei become keratinised)

A
  • Outermost dead cells - stratum corneum

- Skin: Prevent H2O loss, prevent ingress of pathogen, prevent abrasion, shielding against UV light

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8
Q

What cell type makes up the most of stratified keratinised epithelia cells?

A
  • Keratinocytes
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9
Q

How do keratinocytes divide and what is their function?

A
  • Mitosis at basal layer.
  • Move towards apical whilst differentiating –> lose ability to divide –> lose nuclei become keratin
  • Normal transit time: 28-40
  • Function: synthesise keratins (strength)
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10
Q

What is psoriasis?

A
  • Transit time of keratinocytes frm basal to apical reduce to 2-4 days
  • Stratum corneum in abundance: silvery scales
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11
Q

Function of melanocytes

A
  • Produce melanin: give skin color

- Melanin production⬆️ in tan skin but X melanocytes

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11
Q

Function of Langerhans cells

A
  • highly specialised

- Present antigens to T lymphocytes (mediate immune reactions)

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12
Q

Desc. function and location of transitional epithelium. (urothelium, vary in shape from columnar/cuboidal to flattened)

A
  • Urinary tract: Protection to underlying tissue, distension
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13
Q

Function of goblet cells

A
  • Lack of cilia so have microvilli.

- Release mucins thru exocytosis + followed by H2O

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14
Q

Effects of cystic fibrosis. (airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine, reproductive tract, skin)

A
  • Airways: Clogging and infection of bronchial passage w thick sticky mucus (obstruct breathing & dmg lungs)
  • Liver: Block bile duct
  • Pancreas: Zymogen secretions X released
  • S.I: Thick, non-motile stool in neonates
  • Skin: Very salty sweat
  • Reproductive tract: No vas deferens, thick mucous plug in cervix prevent semen fertilise (infertile)
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15
Q

Function of Club/Clara cells

A
  • In terminal bronchioles
  • Protects bronchiolar epithelium (on apical): secrets uteroglobin + pulmonary surfactant
  • Detoxification of harmful sub. inhaled
  • Act as stem cell, regenerate bronchiolar epithelium (stratified squamous non-keratinised)
16
Q

Function of microfold cells

A
  • Found in small intestine close to lymph nodes
  • Trap pathogens
  • Present to lymphocytes n macrophages (immune response)
17
Q

Why does M cells represent weak point of immune response?

A
  • Some bac (Salmonella bac.) use it as a point of entry
18
Q

Function of stereocilia

A
  • In inner ear: Hearing & balance

- Vas deferens: Facilitate absorption of residual sperm body

19
Q

What happens to the lungs in the early and chronic stages of smoking?

A

Early:

  • Normal mucus layer thickens
  • Cilia die & regenerate (2-4 days)

Chronic:

  • Goblet cells proliferate
  • Club cells die (X regenerate)
  • Carcinogens induce mutations
  • Pneumonocytes (alveoli) die, fibroblasts lay down scar tissue
20
Q 
Renewal rates:
A. Trachea
B. Alveoli
C. Goblet cells
D. Club cells
A

A. 1-2 months
B. 8 days
C. 10 days
D. NEVER

21
Q

What is the diff btw acute and chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Acute:
    i) Cough and excess mucus production + breathlessness (< 3 months)
    ii) Reduced lung function due to inflammation, narrowing of airways
  • Chronic:
    i) Chronic inflammation + cough + mucus (> 3 months)
    ii) Irreversible damage to bronchioles and alveoli
22
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • Permanent widening of air spaces

- Damage to alveoli (no elasticity)

23
Q

What diseases make up COPD?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

24
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • Wheeze, shortness of breath
  • Caused by bronchospasm (tightening of smooth muscle layer in bronchi + bronchioles)
  • Mucus obstruction + narrowing of airways
25
Q

In alveoli of lung, the endothelial cells of the capillaries and the pneumonocytes of the air sacs are separated by what?

A
  • Basal lamina
26
Q

Compare mucous and serous membranes

A

Mucous membranes: Line internal tubes which open to the exterior

  • GI tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
  • Consists of epithelium lining –> connective tissue (lamina propia) –> smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)

Serous membranes: Line closed body cavities which DO NOT open to the exterior

  • Peritoneum - abdominal organs, pleural sacs- lungs, pericardial sac- heart
  • Consists of squamous epithelium (mesothelium) that secretes lubricating fluid (prevent friction) –> thin layer of connective tissue (attach to meso. & adjacent tissues)
27
Q

What are the outer and inner serous membranes each called?

A

Outer - parietal serosa (closer to cavity)

Inner - visceral (closer to organ)

28
Q

Define epithelium

A

Layer of continuous cells that cover external surface of body and line internal surfaces

29
Q

Define metaplasia & neoplasia

A
  • Metaplasia: Epithelial cell changes from one type to another (heavy smokers, change from pseudostratified –> stratified squamous)
  • Neoplasia: Tumour (carcinoma) in epithelial cells. (goblet cells proliferate in cigarette smoke)

Extra: Adenocarcinoma is tumours of epithelial cells

BL Sem 1 (13 decks)

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