Lecture Flashcards
Deductive
No way for premise to be true and conclusion false if argument valid
Inductive
Prob. true given premises but no guarantee
Inconsistency
Cannot both be true
Contradictory
Cannot both be false
Validity
Connection between premise and conclusion
Sound Argument
Deductive, valid, true
Copula
Links S and P
Quality
Affirm/Neg
Quantity
Particular/Universal
Contradictory Proposition
Differ in quality and quantity (1 true, 1 false)
Contrary
Differ in quality only (Cannot both be true)
Subalternates
Differ in quality only (Both true or false)
Subcontrary
Differ in quality only (Cannot both be false)
Distribution
Everything after neg
Mood
All, No, Some
Figure
Location of middle term
Form
Figure + Mood
Primary Subject
Subject matter under discussion
Analogue
Thing being compared to primary subject
Parable
Story w moral
Fable
Parable w animals/inanimate objects
Example
Give instance of particular subject matter
Formal Structure of Analogy
X is F. Y is similar to X, therefore Y is F also
Argument from Design
Proof of God based on analogy
Evaluating Analogies
and similarity of instances, relevance, irrelevance
Refutations by Analogy
Counter-analogy showing opposite result
Induction by Simple Enumeration
A has P. B has P. C has P. Therefore all Xs have P
Sweeping Generalization
Apply generalization to situations in which it does not apply
Hasty Generalization
Too small sample generalized to whole
Mill’s Methods
Method of Agreement, Method of Difference, Joint Agreement and Difference, Residues, Concomitant Variation
Residues
A,B,C-X,Y,Z. B-Y. C-Z. Therefore, A-X
Concomitant Variation
A,B,C-X,Y,Z. Inc A, X inc. Dec A, X dec. Therefore, A-X.
Ad ignorantium
Assume innocence
Appeal to Authority
Stare decises (predictability of law)
Appeal to Pity
Guilt/innocence wrong; Sentence ok
Ad Hominem
Testimony ok (character relevant-not drawing conclusions)
