Lecture 8 - Role of the airway in conducting clean air to the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 different cell types within respiratory epithelium?

A

outlying cells - pseudostratified columnar epithelium
within epithelium - GOBLET cells.
within epithelium - BASAL cells
within epithelium - BRUSH cells

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2
Q

do pseudostratified cells have cilia? if so what is there function?

A

yes - function to move mucus towards the mouth.

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3
Q

what is the function of goblet cells? do they have cilia?

A

mucus secretion, no cilia

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4
Q

what is the function of basal cells, where do they attach to?

A

attach at base of epithelium, stem like cell that can differentiate into any other epithelial cell

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5
Q

what is the function of brush cells?

A

they are a sensory cell with thick microvilli, sense foreign material associated with trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

what are the two types of glands? where are they located?

A

glands: sit ontop of nasal septum
1. serous - watery gland secretions
2. mucus - thick, trap foreign particles

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7
Q

what are the 3 cell types within the olfactory mucosa?

A
  1. olfactory cells
  2. support cells
  3. basal cells
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8
Q

how does the olfactory cell detect and process odours to the brain?

A

microvilli of olfactory cell protrude into nasal cavity
–> receptors for odours –> trigger AP when odour bind –> if AP reach threshold, AP will be sent down to olfactory nerve to brain

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9
Q

what is the cell shape and function of basal cells within the olfactory mucosa?

A

cuboidal cell, function as a regenerative cell

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10
Q

what is the main function of the olfactory mucosa?

A

sense odours

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11
Q

what is the function of support cells?

A

provision of metabolic support?

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12
Q

describe the mylenation of the olfactory cell?

A

unmyelniated

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13
Q

what are the 5 microscopic layers of the trachea?

A
  1. epithelium (w/ basement membrane)
  2. laminapropria
  3. smooth muscle
  4. cartilage
  5. adventitia
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14
Q

what is the function of the laminapropria?

A

provide nourishment to airway wall e.g. blood vessels, lymphatics

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15
Q

house is the smooth muscle bound? what is its function

A

bound by lamina propria, contracts to make airway smaller, also engaged in immune response

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16
Q

what type of cartilage is the cartilage within the trachea, what is its function?

A

hyaline cartilage

stops trachea from collapsing under negative pressure

17
Q

what is the the function of the adventitia

A

binds airway to the rest of the lung

18
Q

where does the smooth muscle sit in the dog, ox and horse?

A

dog - smooth muscle sits ontop of cartilage ring

ox & horse - smooth muse sis under cartilage ring

19
Q

do the bronchus (primary and secondary) and the segmental bronchi have cartilage?

A

interlocking and small plates of cartilage respectively.

20
Q

conducting and respiratory bronchioles do not have cartilage plates, how do they stop them from collapsing?

A

smooth muscle control - smooth muscle tone keep little more rigid
elastic fibres - “alveolar attachment” when lung expand, stretch fibres and pull on small airways keeping them open

21
Q

what are the various defence mechanisms of the respiratory system?

A
nasal hairs --> stop large particles
cough & sneeze reflex
lymphoid organs
luminal epithelium 
mucociliary clearance
specialised small airway cells - club cells
alveolar macrophages
22
Q

what are the defence mechanisms of the respiratory columnar epithelium?

A

boundary to the outside world
interact with immune cells
secrete cytokines and mediators –> support dendritic cell processes to sample the lumen

23
Q

describe the action and function of the mucociliary clearance

A

cilia on epithelium beat in one direction –> towards mouth
epitheium secrete water solution allowing cilia to beat
stop of water secretion = mucus secreted by goblet cells
traps foreign material w/ ciliary beating moved towards mouth for swallowing or to be coughed out

24
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

mucociliary clearance doesn’t work

–> ion channels broken, no water secretion from epithelium –> mucus layer stuck and doesnt get expelled

25
what is the role of club cells?
smaller airways have no mucus secretions --> they would clog up detoxify toxins by metabolising them (engulf) secrete IgA secrete surfactant, decreasing surface tension
26
what nerve innervates the sneezing reflex
trigeminal nerve - CN V
27
how is the trigeminal nerve innervated to initiate the sneezing reflex?
brush cell receives irritant, CN V triggered
28
describe anatomically what occurs during the sneezing reflex
- deep inspiration - lung full of air - closure of glottis - forced contraction - internal intercostal and abd. muscle - contraction, pushes against glottis - forces air out through nose
29
what nerve innervates the coughing reflex?
glossopharyngeal nerve - CN IX
30
how is the glossopharyngeal nerve innervated to initiate the coughing reflex?
mechanoreceptors in trachea, larynx and bronchus detect foreign particle
31
describe anatomically what occurs during the coughing reflex
- deep inspiration - brief closure of glottis - contraction of forced inspiratory muscles - internal intercostal and abd. muscle - abrupt force of air directed through the mouth * * cough can also be voluntary