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respiratory system - loz > Lecture 17 - Diseases of the airways 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Diseases of the airways 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common route by which injurious agents enter the respiratory tact?

A
  • inhalation: aerogenous route

- via blood; systemic

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2
Q

what are the various defences of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • sneezing reflex
  • coughing reflex
  • warming and humidification of inspired air by nasal mucosa = prevent desiccation
  • mechanical filtration
  • nasal hairs: trap large particles
  • mucociliary clearance
  • chemical defence: lactoferrin, lysozyme, b defensins
    normal microflora
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3
Q

what is primary ciliary dyskenisa?

A

structural or functional abnormalities to the cilia

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4
Q

what are the clinical signs that are suggestive of disease of the nasal cavity or nasopharynx?

A 
nasal discharge = most common sign
sneezing
snorting
reverse sneezing
gagging
open mouthed breathing
decreased exercise intolerance
face rubbing 
facial deformity/ boney remodelling
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5
Q

what are the congenital malformations that involve the nasal cavity in the domestic cavity

A
  1. severe craniofacial deformities
  2. facial clefts
  3. cystic nasal conchae
  4. choanal actresis
  5. brachycephalic airway syndrom
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6
Q

what three conditions commonly predispose an animal to severe cranoifacial deformities? what are they?

A
  • holoprencephaly –> forebrain deformities typically including ageneisis, or severe hypoplasis of olfactory bulbs and tracts = abnormal differentiation of the forebrain into cerebral hemispheres, olfactory system, optical vessels, thalamus and hypothalamus
  • chrondrodysplasia –> inherited, impaired longitudinal growth of cartilage –> dispropriate dwarfism
  • wry nose
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7
Q

what are two common facial clefts seen?

A
  • chelisoschisis - cleft lip

- palatoschsis - cleft palate

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8
Q

what are the consequences of palatoschisis?

A

animal can’t suck, if they can may risk aspiration pneumonia

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9
Q

what is cystic nasal conchae, in what animals does it normally develop in?

A

commonly seen in cattle

uni or bi lateral smooth surfaced bony projecting nodules in ventral nasal meatus

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10
Q

what is choanal actresis? what usually causes choanal actresis?

A

uni or bilateral failure of formation of a communicating channel between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx
usually due to persistence of choanal membrane

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11
Q

what are the various possible components of brachycephalic airway syndrome? which animals are affected by this syndrome?

A

BAS refers to multiple congenital abnormalities found in brachephalic dog breeds
may include:
- stenotic external nares - lack rigidity = collapse on insp
- elongated soft palate - SP too long for epiglottis = obst.
- everted laryngeal saccule - sit behind epiglottis, become oedematous = obstruction
- laryngeal collapse- larynx fatigued due to chronic obst.
- tracheal hypoplasia = airflow

BRACHYCEPHALIC DOG BREEDS AFFECTED = bulldogs, boxers, boston terriers, pugs and pekingese

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12
Q

what is epistaxis?

A

haemorrhage from the nose

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13
Q

what are potential causes of epistaxis

A

trauma, foreign bodies, tumour, severe rhinos, intense sneezing episodes, bleeding disorders.
infrequently may be caused by - systemic hypertension, right sided congestive heart failure or intra nasal vascular aneurysm

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14
Q

what is a progressive ethmoid haemoatoma in horse?

A

unilateral space occupying mass of organising haemorrhage and reparative granulation tissue in the submucosa of ethmoid tubrinates

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15
Q

what breeds do ethmoid haemoatoma commonly affect?

A

TB’s and arabian breeds

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16
Q

what is rhinitis?

A

inflammation of the nasal cavity

17
Q

what are potential causes of rhinitis in domestic animals?

A
  • viruses e.g. canine distemper
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • parasites
  • foreign body - stick, splinter, grass seed
  • allergen
18
Q

acute rhinitis is characterised by ___ and ____ and exudation into the nasal cavities

A

mucosal oedema

hyperaemia

19
Q

most forms of rhinitis are self limiting and follow a chronological sequence of what kinds of inflammation

A
  1. serous
  2. catahharal
  3. purulent
  4. fibrinous
20
Q

describe the exudate commonly seen in serous rhinitis and what cell type predominates? describe the gross appearance of the sub mucosa.

A
  • acute - clear, watery nasal discharge
  • contains few leukocytes
  • submucosa is oedematous and hyperaemia
    = MILDEST FORM eg/ early stage of viral infection, exposure to cold air or mild nasal irritant
21
Q

describe the exudate commonly seen in catharral rhinitis and what cell type predominates? when does catharral rhinitis usually appear?

A
  • hrs - days
  • nasal exudate typically mucoid due to increased production by mucosal goblet cells and submucosal glands
  • additional recruitment of neutrophils and sloughing epithelial cells
22
Q

describe the exudate commonly seen in purulent (suppurative) rhinitis and what cell type predominates? does pus indicate bacterial infection?

A
  • exudate thickens = large numbers of neutrophils, accompanying EROSION AND ULCERATION of nasal mucosa.
  • pus does not indicate bacteria infection –> suggest there is enough need for neutrophils
23
Q

describe the exudate commonly seen in fibrinous rhinitis, what does this indicate?

A

indicative of severe nasal mucosal injury
w/ marked increase in vascular permeability
= leakage of fibrin and neutrophils

24
Q

what are some causes of fibrinous rhinitis in domestic animals?

A
  • fungal rhinitis
  • infectious bovine rinhotracheatitis
  • fusobacterium necrophrum
  • allergic rhinitis: hay fever
25
Q

what are some gross and histological nasal lesions that can develop if rhinitis becomes chronic?

A
  • progressive fibrosis of the nasal submocas
  • atrophy of the submucosal seromuccoid glands
  • hyperplasia
  • squamous metaplasia of the mucosal epithelium
  • formation of proliferative soft tissue mass in the submucosa
  • destruction and atrophy of nasal turbinate bones
  • deviation of the nasal septum and eventually gross craniofacial deformity
26
Q

what is lymphocytic-plasmacytic rhinitis? in which species is it common? how is it characterised histologically?

A
  • common form of rhinitis in dogs and cats
  • associated with persistent catarrhal - mucoplurant discharge
  • histological characterised by submucosal infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells
27
Q

what are possible causes of chronic granulomatous to pyogranulomatous rhinitis in domestic animals
how is it characterised histologically?

A
  • chronic allergic rhinitis, chronic fungal infections, foreign bodies, chronic infections
  • characterised by accumulation of submucosal macrophages and smaller number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, or eosinophils
28
Q

what is allergic rhinitis? in which species is it recognised in?

A

type I hypersensitivy to allergens –> exudation of eosinophils and mucus
recognised in dogs and cats

29
Q

what are polyps and where can polyps develop as a consequence of chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract?
what species are polyps especially common in

A

polyps are masses of well vascularised reparative CT that arise as a consequence of chronic inflammation

  • arise within nasal cavity, nasopharynx, auditory tubes
  • cats <3 yr old and horses
30
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

inflammation of paranasal sinus

31
Q

what is a common cause of sinusitis

A

it is a common extension of rhinitis

32
Q

which paranasal sinus are often affected in sinusitis?

A

frontal

maxilalry

33
Q

in which species is sinusitis most often diagnosed and why?

A

horses - limited drainage of sinuses

34
Q

suppurative guttural ouch infection is most often caused by

A

streptococcus equi

- strangles infection with guttural pouch involvement a sequel to abseccsation of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes

35
Q

fungal infections of the guttural pouch is most often caused by

A

aspergillus fumigatus

- most often seen in stabled horses probs because they whale spores from mouldy hay

36
Q

what are common names for suppurative and fungal guttural pouch infections

A

suppurative - gut pouch empyema

fungal - gut pouch mycosis

37
Q

what are some potential consequences of guttural pouch empyema/mycosis

A
  • compression or inflame and necrosis of cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI, XII and/or symp trunk
  • rupture and severe epistaxis of the internal carotid artery
  • damage to vagus nerve –> laryngeal hemiplasia
38
Q

define guttural pouch tympany

A

accumulation of air in guttural ouch

39
Q

what species if guttural pouch tympany most often seen in

A

foals up to 1 yr old, most often fillies

due to abnormal valvular function at the nasopharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube

respiratory system - loz (19 decks)

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