Lecture 8 Reproductive Health Flashcards
how does body temp indicate conception
Basal body temperature that stays high for two weeks after ovulation indicates the probability that conception has occurred
what do pregnancy tests detect
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
how is delivery date calculated
using Nagele’s rule, last menstruation, subtract 3 months, and add 7 days to calculate estimated due date
what is the embryonic stage
the first 8 weeks of pregnancy
what happens in the embryonic stage
placenta and amniotic sac develop
what are the effects of pregnancy
tingling and fullness in breasts, nausea, tiredness and change in appetite
when can fetal movement be detected
as early as 13-16 weeks or as late as 18-20 weeks
when is the brain and nervous system complete
by the end of the seventh month
what is sexuality like during pregnancy
A person can safely continue to have sex during their pregnancy until the start of labor
The male’s penis will not harm the fetus; it is protected by the amniotic sac and mucous plug in cervix
what are delivery options
vaginal births with pharmacological pain management, vaginal birth with non pharmacological pain management, and C section
what is the process of engagement
A few weeks before labor begins, the fetus turns so that the widest part of its head is against the woman’s pelvic bones
what is effacement
thinning of the cervix
what is referred to as “water breaking”
the amniotic sac rupturing
what are non pharmacological techniques used for childbirth
birthing balls, controlled breathing, soaking in a tub, walking around, using massage or distraction techniques, TENS machine use, hypnosis
what are the type of pharmacological drugs used for birth
tranquilizers and narcotics, epidurals or spinal blocks
what is the first stage of birth
contractions help efface and dilate th cervix
what is the early phase of the first stage
dilation to 4 cm
what is the active phase of the first stage
dilation to 8 cm
what is the transition phase of the first stage
dilation fully to 10 cm
what occurs in stage 2 of pregnancy
the baby’s head begins to move into the vagina, it ends with the birth of the baby
what occurs in stage 3 of pregnancy
Placenta detaches from the uterine walls and is expelled with other material called “afterbirth”
what are the reasons for a C section
Baby is too large
Mother’s pelvis is too narrow
Baby is in a breech or transverse position
Umbilical cord will pass through the cervix before the baby
what is a C section
The baby is delivered through an incision made through the abdomen and wall of the uterus
what medication does the infant receive after birth
Infant receives an injection of vitamin K to ensure that blood will clot normally
what is postpartum emotional issues
Birthing parents experience many psychological and physiological changes after birth as levels of estrogen and progesterone slowly return to pre-pregnancy levels
what are the three postpartum conditions
postpartum blues, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis
when is it safe for sexuality during the postpartum period
at least six weeks
how long can breastfeeding continue up to
two years
what was found in the Masters and Johnson study
women who breastfed their babies had higher levels of sexual interest in the months after delivery
what does breastfeeding help to do
helps the uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size and shape due to oxytocin
when do most miscarriages happen
within the first 20 weeks
what is Rh incompatibility
occurs hen the woman has Rh- negative blood and the fetus has Rh-positive blood
what can Rh cause
it can lead to fetal anemia, intellectual disability, or death
what are the three types of hypertension
pregnancy induced hypertension is simply high blood pressure associated with pregnancy, pre-eclampsia includes edema, eclampsia may result if uncontrolled and may lead to convulsions, coma, and even death
what may cause congenital anomalies
genetics (down syndrome), maternal illness or infection, use of drugs or alcohol
what can help reduce the incidence of congenital abnormalities
folic acid supplements in the three months before conception and in the first trimester
how can congenital anomalies be detected
screening for elevated levels of glycoprotein alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the mothers blood
when is a baby considered preterm
before 37 weeks of gestation
what is anoxia
oxygen deprivation which a result from the umbilical cord can be compressed as the baby passes through birth canal
what can prolonged anoxia lead to
cerebral palsy, brain damage, intellectual disability, and death
what is a still birth
when a baby is born dead any time after 28 weeks gestation and weighs at least 500 grams
what is the rate of maternal mortality
830 women die from pregnancy
what are the psychological and social consequences of infertility
anger, confusion, sadness, anxiety, shame, depression, insecurity, inadequacy
what regulated treatment of infertility
the assisted human reproduction act in Canada
what is artificial insemination
a thin, flexible catheter inserts sperm directly into vagina or uterus
what is in vitro fertilization
eggs are surgically removed from the ovaries, eggs are then fertilized with sperm in the laboratory, the fertilized egg is injected into the birthing parents’ uterus or cervix
what is gamete intrafallopian transfer
eggs and sperm are collected and deposited directly into woman’s Fallopian tubes
what is zygote intrafallopian transfer
a fertilized egg is transferred directly to a Fallopian tube to allow for natural implantation
what is surrogacy
a woman outside of the couple will become pregnant through any of the procedures mentioned above and deliver a baby to term
what was examples of contraceptions
against fertilization, examples are condoms and the pill
what are examples of contragestion
against gestation, examples of IUD
what is Dr Henry Morgentaler known for
he challenged abortion law and provided sae, illegal abortions to women
